The DOI matches its Crossref record; 87 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 100 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health?
Open accessAbstract
Context: The use of the Internet for peer‐to‐peer connection has been one of its most dramatic and transformational features. Yet this is a new field with no agreement on a theoretical and methodological basis. The scientific base underpinning this activity needs strengthening, especially given the explosion of web resources that feature experiences posted by patients themselves. This review informs a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) (UK) research program on the impact of online patients’ accounts of their experiences with health and health care, which includes the development and validation of a new e‐health impact questionnaire. Methods: We drew on realist review methods to conduct a conceptual review of literature in the social and health sciences. We developed a matrix to summarize the results, which we then distilled from a wide and diverse reading of the literature. We continued reading until we reached data saturation and then further refined the results after testing them with expert colleagues and a public user panel. Findings: We identified seven domains through which online patients’ experiences could affect health. Each has the potential for positive and negative impacts. Five of the identified domains (finding information, feeling supported, maintaining relationships with others, affecting behavior, and experiencing health services) are relatively well rehearsed, while two (learning to tell the story and visualizing disease) are less acknowledged but important features of online resources. Conclusions: The value of first‐person accounts, the appeal and memorability of stories, and the need to make contact with peers all strongly suggest that reading and hearing others’ accounts of their own experiences of health and illnesss will remain a key feature of e‐health. The act of participating in the creation of health information (e.g., through blogging and contributing to social networking on health topics) also influences patients’ experiences and has implications for our understanding of their role in their own health care management and information.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This conceptual review maps seven domains through which online patients’ experiences may affect health, each with potential positive and negative impacts. It argues that first-person accounts and peer contact will remain central to e-health, while effects extend beyond conventional information or support outcomes.
Key findings
- The review identified seven domains: finding information, feeling supported, maintaining relationships with others, experiencing health services, learning to tell the story, visualizing disease, and affecting behavior. Five are described as relatively well rehearsed, while two—learning to tell the story and visualizing disease—are less acknowledged but important.
- The 2010 Pew Internet national survey of 3,000 U.S. respondents reported that one in four Internet users living with a chronic condition went online to find others with similar health concerns.
- Examples cited include Hardey’s review of more than 1,000 YouTube eczema clips, some with more than 2 million viewers; Houston et al.’s finding that culturally appropriate DVDs of patients’ narratives improved blood pressure control among African Americans; and de Wit, Das, and Vet’s finding that intention to be vaccinated was higher when a personal narrative was presented.
- Potential harms include anxiety, misleading or unrepresentative stories, overengagement reducing off-line contact, and reinforcement of unhealthy behaviors through pro-anorexia groups, insulin misuse forums, unsafe-sex advice, and suicide-related forums.
Methods
- Conceptual review informed by realist review methods, conducted iteratively and collaboratively over six months in 2010. The authors searched social and health sciences literature with librarian assistance, snowballed from reference lists, used a matrix for data extraction, and continued until saturation; they used no formal quality appraisal tools but considered relevance and rigor.
- A service user panel of 30 lay participants was recruited through Oxfordshire Primary Care Trust and selected by questionnaire to represent a cross-section by gender, age, occupation, and ethnic group, and by varied Internet health use. The panel met in four groups with rapporteurs and completed a final questionnaire.
- Final review and revision followed a specialists’ workshop at a Health Informatics conference, which identified the importance of visual presentations of online patients’ experience. The authors then agreed on the seven domains of their conceptual map.
Limitations
- Stated in the paper: the field is new with no agreed theoretical and methodological basis; there was no set of theories or defined social/health programs to identify and evaluate, so the realist review approach was adapted; no formal quality appraisal tools were used; little empirical work exists; the Internet changes constantly and defies conventional mapping; and little is known about how benefits and disadvantages are distributed across socioeconomic, age, and gender groups.
- Evident from the text: this is a conceptual review rather than an empirical test of health outcomes, and its findings are a map of potential effects. The service user panel was a single UK lay panel of 30 participants, and the review relied on diverse literature plus expert and user validation rather than a systematic synthesis.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
78 Own interpretation · 70 Not checked yet · 6 Own result · 6 No basis given · 4 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We identified seven domains through which online patients’ experiences could affect health.”
- Also stated in: § Final Review and Revision · plain
“Finally, we agreed on the seven “domains” of our conceptual map of the potential health effects of online patients’ experience.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Abstract > Findings
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Final Review and Revision · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each has the potential for positive and negative impacts.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Abstract > Findings
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The value of first-person accounts, the appeal and memorability of stories, and the need to make contact with peers all strongly suggest that reading and hearing others’ accounts of their own experiences of health and illnesss will remain a key feature of e-health.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Abstract > Conclusions
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The widespread use of social media transcends educational achievement, race and ethnicity, and level of health care access (Chou et al. 2009).”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chou et al. 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“A study of parents of children with a genetic condition (Schaffer, Kuczynski, and Skinner 2008) found that the most trusted and valued source of information was not doctors but the other parents in the online communities, whose own extensive Internet searches were combined with a personal stake.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schaffer, Kuczynski, and Skinner 2008
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“When health problems are commonly experienced (such as winter colds and flu or headaches), people have their own embodied experience to draw on when deciding whether and how to act (self-management, decisions to consult, and so on) (Dingwall 2001; Leventhal, Brisette, and Leventhal 2003).”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dingwall 2001
- Not checked yetcites Leventhal, Brisette, and Leventhal 2003
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“The 2010 Pew Internet national survey of 3,000 respondents in the United States reported the extent of peer-to-peer help among people living with chronic conditions as its “most striking” finding: One in four Internet users living with a chronic condition, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, heart or lung problems, or cancer, reported going online to find others with similar health concerns (Fo”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fox 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“However, people wondering whether a symptom is worth concern or attention, facing a new diagnosis or health-related decision, or living with a long-term condition and encountering new problems, often feel that they need to know how others comprehend what they are going through (Gabriel 2004).”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gabriel 2004
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Such information can help allay fears, boost confidence (Lowe et al. 2009), and suggest or confirm one's own and doctors’ diagnoses by comparing symptoms and their effects with one's own experiences and knowledge (Armstrong and Powell 2009).”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Finding Information
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Armstrong and Powell 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Health policymakers have begun to recognize the potential of the Internet as a source of patients views’ and experiences.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites NHS Future Forum Report on Information 2012
- Not checked yetcites NHS 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 49
- Probably not a substantial claim. 54
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Five of the identified domains (finding information, feeling supported, maintaining relationships with others, affecting behavior, and experiencing health services) are relatively well rehearsed, while two (learning to tell the story and visualizing disease) are less acknowledged but important features of online resources.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Abstract > Findings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our final search for relevant papers and discussions of the findings at a specialists’ workshop at a Health Informatics conference, we identified the importance of the visual presentations of online patients’ experience.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Final Review and Revision
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our user group emphasized that the Internet's unregulated nature means that all sources of information might be seen as having equivalent status, regardless of their trustworthiness.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Finding Information
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our user panel considered this process important, saying that it meant that you knew you “were not alone” because hearing about other people's experiences gave you a sense of “being supported.””
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Feeling Supported
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our user panel endorsed the idea that overreliance on “virtual support” can lead to wasted time browsing and posting on the web, preventing people from benefiting from social contact in their own locality.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Maintaining Relationships with Others
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This could lead to an overuse of health services, which our public panel referred to as “hypochondria heaven” for anxious patients.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Experiencing Health Services
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The role of information based on online patients’ experience is a new field with no agreed-on theoretical and methodological basis.”
- Also stated in: § Context · plain
“Yet this is a new field with no agreement on a theoretical and methodological basis.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Abstract > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Context · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In 2011 many more people visited websites without themselves posting (an activity described somewhat pejoratively as “lurking”) than contributed (Fox 2011; Preece, Nonnecke, and Andrews 2004).”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fox 2011
- Not checked yetcites Preece, Nonnecke, and Andrews 2004
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although these developments are increasingly seen as encouraging, little is known about the effect on people's health outcomes of the 24/7 access (which can also be anywhere on any device) to other people's experiences online.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Abstract > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The immediacy of contact with people all over the world could provide reassurance and support during unsocial hours; the anonymous environment may permit people to raise embarrassing questions that many would find hard to discuss face to face.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Abstract > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Online communities and websites, available worldwide at any time, both supplement and (in some ways) surpass face-to-face groups.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Abstract > Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hearing or reading about other patients’ experiences has the potential to affect decision making, one's sense of isolation or support, and adjustment to the illness or health condition.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Abstract > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But it could also provoke concerns and anxieties that may be difficult to deal with in the middle of the night.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Abstract > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The act of participating in the creation of health information (e.g., through blogging and contributing to social networking on health topics) also influences patients’ experiences and has implications for our understanding of their role in their own health care management and information.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Abstract > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“An indisputably transformational feature of the Internet is that contact and support are now available at any hour of the day or night and that those with a home computer can access an extraordinary range of resources for private and anonymous communications with others in real time (Buchanan and Coulson 2007).”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Buchanan and Coulson 2007
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The immediacy of contact with people all over the world could provide reassurance and support during unsocial hours; the anonymous environment may permit people to raise embarrassing questions that many would find hard to discuss face to face.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Abstract > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The features that make firsthand accounts compelling, and the mechanisms through which they operate, remain poorly understood.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Abstract > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Such information can help allay fears, boost confidence (Lowe et al. 2009), and suggest or confirm one's own and doctors’ diagnoses by comparing symptoms and their effects with one's own experiences and knowledge (Armstrong and Powell 2009).”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Finding Information
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lowe et al. 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, in our case, there was no set of theories or even defined social or health programs to identify and evaluate; the field is too new.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Methods > Literature Review
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Simple, practical tips on how to manage problems encountered in everyday life, coping strategies that others use, and advice based on what has worked for others are highly valued for their pragmatism (Sandaunet 2008; van Uden-Kraan et al. 2008) and because they are easy to understand (Steffen 1997).”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Finding Information
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sandaunet 2008
- Not checked yetcites van Uden-Kraan et al. 2008
- Not checked yetcites Steffen 1997
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To check our interpretation of the literature, we convened a user panel.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Service User Panel
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We continued reading until we reached data saturation and then further refined the results after testing them with expert colleagues and a public user panel.”
- Also stated in: § Literature Review · plain
“A constant comparison between reading and the working table identified the point at which no new ideas were emerging and we were confident that we had achieved “saturation.””
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Abstract > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Literature Review · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We selected the respondents by means of a questionnaire to ensure that the panel would be representative of a cross section of the community (gender, age, occupation, and ethnic group) and would be composed of those who had used the Internet for heath information in a variety of ways (websites, forums, blogs) and for a variety of health conditions (either for themselves or on behalf of family and”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Service User Panel
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although we used no formal quality appraisal tools, we considered papers in relation to theirRelevance: Does the research address the topic and enable us to add to, adapt, or amend the initial matrix developed in step 1c?Rigor: Does the research support the conclusions drawn from it by the researchers or the reviewers?”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Methods > Literature Review
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Hearing about how others have coped may change one's orientation to the illness (Zufferey and Schulz 2009) and offer a framework for managing the uncertainties.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Finding Information
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zufferey and Schulz 2009
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similarly, other people's accounts of a range of different treatments and outcomes can make information more relevant (Broemer 2004; Sillence et al. 2007), provide contextual information about causes and consequences, and help people understand what may happen (Lowe et al. 2009; Rothman and Kiviniemi 1999).”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Finding Information
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lowe et al. 2009
- Not checked yetcites Rothman and Kiviniemi 1999
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In comparison, web-based feedback sites, populated with comments from other patients, may describe comparable experiences and can be a highly efficient way to identify pressing concerns, such as for patient safety, as well as for longer-term quality improvement.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Abstract > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, hearing about other people's decisions can help them recognize that a decision must be made (e.g., about a treatment), define what the range of options might be, and clarify the alternatives (e.g., in relation to treatment, lifestyle, and attitude) (Bruce et al. 2005; Entwistle et al. 2011).”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Finding Information
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bruce et al. 2005
- Not checked yetcites Entwistle et al. 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Hearing about other people's experiences can help one to appraise options in light of the potential outcomes, so that decisions are tempered (Bruce et al. 2005) and might result in less regret because the content contains social and emotional information not usually available elsewhere (Lowe et al. 2009; Sharf 1997).”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Finding Information
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bruce et al. 2005
- Not checked yetcites Lowe et al. 2009
- Not checked yetcites Sharf 1997
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Learning through other people's accounts of their experiences can be memorable because they are vivid (Etchegary et al. 2008; Taylor and Thompson 1982), but if the experiences presented are not typical (Entwistle et al. 2011), are inaccurate and biased, or are populated with the experiences of unusual people, or if the sites are sponsored by vested interests or open to commercial exploitation (Ent”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Finding Information
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Entwistle et al. 2011
- Not checked yetcites Leydon et al. 2000
- Not checked yetcites Winterbottom et al. 2008
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In their study of participation in online support groups, van Uden-Kraan and colleagues (2008) describe “emotional empowerment” as the process through which information is exchanged, emotional support is encountered, and recognition is gained through sharing experiences.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Feeling Supported
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites van Uden-Kraan et al. 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Conflicting information from people with different experiences and “information overload” can cause confusion (including false reassurance) and anxiety, undermining otherwise good, instinctive decision making, although accessing information through the Internet may allow the information flow to be controlled (Lowe et al. 2009).”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Finding Information
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lowe et al. 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Illness very often brings a sense of isolation and of dislocation from the past (Williams 1984) and from the future (Bury 1982).”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Feeling Supported
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams 1984
- Not checked yetcites Bury 1982
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Hearing about others’ experiences can induce feelings of compassion, so that one becomes less self-absorbed and gains a better perspective (Radley 1999).”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Feeling Supported
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Radley 1999
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, depending on their content, others’ experiences may arouse feelings of anxiety and confusion and can lead to unrealistic expectations, false hopes, or even despair, fear, guilt, anger, and inadequacy if others seem to be managing better.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Feeling Supported
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, how one responds to other people's experiences depends greatly on one's mood at the time of the encounter and, if it goes badly, can reinforce one's vulnerability or feelings of inferiority.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Feeling Supported
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Knowing that others have coped with illness can bring hope and reassurance concerning what may happen (Powell and Clarke 2006) and greater feelings of control and confidence that one can manage the situation (Adair et al. 2006), succeed (Buchanan and Coulson 2007), and cope with emotions through “emotion-focused coping” (Carlick and Biley 2004; Moos and Schaefer 1984).”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Feeling Supported
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Powell and Clarke 2006
- Not checked yetcites Adair et al. 2006
- Not checked yetcites Buchanan and Coulson 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Online support may even help sustain “real-world” relationships by providing another sounding board and emotional outlet for health concerns.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Maintaining Relationships with Others
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Online and off-line relationships need not, of course, be mutually exclusive, and many people keep in touch with friends via the Internet, and people who meet on the Internet can become real-life friends (proximity and willingness to eschew anonymity permitting) (e.g., see Chapple and Ziebland 2011).”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Maintaining Relationships with Others
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chapple and Ziebland 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Learning about how others cope may help patients become socialized into a new role (e.g., as a patient or the spouse or parent of a patient) or forge a sense of identity in which a new diagnosis is integrated but may not be dominant.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Maintaining Relationships with Others
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In an online forum, though, the usual requirement for conversational give-and-take need not apply: while a person may choose to write in extensive detail about his experiences, his audience can quickly browse through the account, break off at any point, or go back and review a section in more detail.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Maintaining Relationships with Others
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Learning through other people's experiences may sometimes prevent unnecessary consultations; other people's descriptions of their own symptoms and consultations may reassure the “worried well” that they do not have the health problem they feared.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Experiencing Health Services
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, people who deal with things in other ways (e.g., those who have different values or have made different decisions) may question their own perspective or develop a sense of shame or stigma.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Maintaining Relationships with Others
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“People often look online to “follow up” on the advice given by health professionals or to seek validation for their own interpretations or feelings (Fredriksen, Moland, and Sundby 2008; Ziebland 2004;Ziebland et al. 2004).”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Experiencing Health Services
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fredriksen, Moland, and Sundby 2008
- Not checked yetcites Ziebland 2004
- Not checked yetcites Ziebland et al. 2004
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A related idea, drawing on the work of Nicholas Negroponte (1995), is that by enabling people to refine and personalize all the information they receive (characterized as “The Daily Me”), they will rarely be exposed to any ideas that challenge their own.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Maintaining Relationships with Others
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Negroponte 1995
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, they may learn that those who can pay, who have different health insurance, or who live in a country or state with another health system may seem to have benefited from different treatment options.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Experiencing Health Services
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another concern is that people could use the information they gain from others to manipulate the consultation, perhaps by exaggerating symptoms that they have learned will prompt clinicians to react in preferred ways.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Experiencing Health Services
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“At a macro level, by finding out how stigmatized conditions affect others or through restricted access to care and support, patients and the public may become more aware of inequalities and injustices or even become active in fostering changes in social attitudes or a more equitable provision of care (Dumit 2005).”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Experiencing Health Services
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dumit 2005
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“An engaging narrative can immerse the audience in the account and thereby transfer information in a particularly effective manner (de Wit, Das, and Vet 2008; Green and Brock 2000).”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Learning to Tell the Story
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites de Wit, Das, and Vet 2008
- Not checked yetcites Green and Brock 2000
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Those who take the time to provide feedback about their own experiences may feel frustrated and angry if this does not lead to improvements.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Experiencing Health Services
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finding out about other people's experiences of poor care could be discouraging and increase people's anxiety about treatment in situations in which they have little choice or control.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Experiencing Health Services
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“From childhood onward, stories provide a powerful, palatable, and memorable way of learning about the world (Bettelheim 1976).”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Learning to Tell the Story
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bettelheim 1976
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“People could also become worried about their health by overidentifying with other people's experiences.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Experiencing Health Services
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As Entwistle and colleagues (2011) observed, people rarely present themselves as naive users of any information”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Learning to Tell the Story
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Entwistle and colleagues (2011)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Schwartz (2004) proposes that far from helping, a plethora of options may prevent one from being able to make (and live with) a choice.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Learning to Tell the Story
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schwartz (2004)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hearing how others describe what has happened to them (as well as what has happened) adds to the richness of the vocabulary and can help construct our own account.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Learning to Tell the Story
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We suggest that the Internet is inherently visual and that the ability to post and access images of people dealing with health issues may be another important, albeit rarely explored, feature of health experiences and the Internet.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Visualizing Disease
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Bury (2001) recommends our viewing people's accounts of their illness as “factions,” a meld of facts and fiction that weave interpretation and presentation into the account of what actually happened.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Learning to Tell the Story
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bury (2001)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The progress of a disease or of a recovery can be powerfully communicated through a series of static images or video recordings.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Visualizing Disease
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“being able to tell their story well may help people develop an appropriate professional interest by giving a concise and relevant account in a clinical setting, help them explain salient points to professionals (Zufferey and Schulz 2009), and elicit understanding, support, and affirmation from friends, family, and wider audiences via the media and web blogs.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Learning to Tell the Story
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zufferey and Schulz 2009
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Frank (1995) and Pennebaker and Seagal (1999) suggested that even the very process of constructing a coherent story may help the healing process.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Learning to Tell the Story
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Frank (1995)
- Not checked yetcites Pennebaker and Seagal (1999)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It may also be intimidating for some people to have very articulate people tell their story.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Learning to Tell the Story
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We can see stories as a conduit for memorable and meaningful information and support.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Learning to Tell the Story
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Williams and Cameron (2009) argued that images—in a variety of forms—are increasingly used in health care communication and can be powerful ways of communicating important messages.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Visualizing Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams and Cameron (2009)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Sometimes these blogs feature a weekly picture of feet standing on a set of bathroom scales, adding evidence to the bloggers’ claims about their progress (Oostveen 2011).”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Visualizing Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Oostveen 2011
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Hardey (2011) reviewed video postings of eczema on YouTube and found more than one thousand clips, some of which had more than 2 million viewers.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Visualizing Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hardey (2011)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The field of health education and health promotion was quick to see the potential of the Internet to deliver efficient, tailored advice (Cline and Haynes 2000) to help people lose weight, get more exercise, give up smoking, practice safe sex (Rothman et al. 1999), tackle depression, and control diabetes or high blood pressure.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Affecting Behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cline and Haynes 2000
- Not checked yetcites Rothman et al. 1999
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In her study of weight loss bloggers, Oostveen (2011) suggests that through public blogging, people may feel accountable to an audience, that by being aware that their progress is being watched, they may feel motivated to adhere to their program.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Affecting Behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Oostveen (2011)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Like stories, imagery can be powerful and memorable; like stories, this has both positive and negative consequences.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Visualizing Disease
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“and they believe that this is because narratives are less susceptible to the defensive processing through which people distance themselves from health education messages.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Affecting Behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites De Wit, Das, and Vet (2008)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reflecting on what they have posted may make people feel proud and in control, or embarrassed and regretful.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Affecting Behavior
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some sites contain messages that contradict or challenge medical advice and suggest or reinforce unhealthy behaviors.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Affecting Behavior
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and develop better relationships.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Discussion
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The literature suggests that the processes may differ depending on, for example, whether people are reading about others’ experiences or writing about their own.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They may raise anxiety.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Several studies have examined the content of online pro-anorexia support groups (Gavin, Rodham, and Poyer 2008); people with diabetes can learn from forums about nonprescribed ways to use (misuse) their insulin for weight loss.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Affecting Behavior
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gavin, Rodham, and Poyer 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The profusion of patients’ experiences online has dramatically influenced the health information field.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some online forums promote unsafe sexual practices and even provide advice on how to most effectively contract HIV.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > The Potential Health Effects of Seeing and Sharing Experiences Online > Affecting Behavior
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overengagement with online communities can be detrimental to life “off-line.””
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Those who help create health content may be participating in a different way from those who consume rather than post their own contributions, yet the widespread use of social media and blogs is already blurring these boundaries.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The powerful and memorable delivery of a personal experience could be used for a deliberately misleading or exploitative message.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“improve their health literacy and understanding of susceptibility to illness”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Discussion
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Health choices cannot be made without information (Ubel, Jepson, and Baron 2001)”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ubel, Jepson, and Baron 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“improve their own illness narration”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Discussion
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Online PEx may help people make better health care choices and alert them to health issues”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“access more appropriate services”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Discussion
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our review sheds some light on the features that make first hand accounts compelling and the processes through which they operate.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But the act of participating in the creation of health content (e.g., through blogging and social networking) is also affecting patients’ experiences and has implications for our understanding of patients’ role in health care management and information.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“by gathering and comparing their experiences online, patients and their families may conclude that they need radically different services.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Internet is increasingly used as a vehicle for transparency, safety, and choice in health services.”
§ Health and Illness in a Connected World: How Might Sharing Experiences on the Internet Affect People's Health? > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
Online resources are now established as a primary route to health information and support.
“Online resources are now established as a primary route to health information and support.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Relatively little is known about the effects of exposure to numerous, and sometimes conflicting, accounts of health experiences on the web.
“yet we know relatively little about the effects (which could include incoherence and confusion) of exposure to numerous, and sometimes conflicting, accounts of health experiences on the web.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Internet changes constantly and defies conventional mapping.
“The Internet changes constantly and defies conventional mapping.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The domains identified in this review are grounded in a diverse literature rich in theory and will have some longevity.
“because they are grounded in a diverse literature rich in theory, we trust that they will have some longevity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The benefits and disadvantages of online PEx are unlikely to be evenly distributed across socioeconomic, age, and gender groups.
“The benefits and disadvantages are unlikely to be evenly distributed across socioeconomic, age, and gender groups”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Internet is a fertile environment for advocacy and pressure groups and may attract those who would be reluctant to join a conventional voluntary association.
“The Internet is a fertile environment for advocacy and pressure groups and may, by its very nature, attract those who would be reluctant to join a conventional voluntary association.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Qualitative data suggest that users find such “personal experiences” helpful in reaching decisions [55], but there are less data available about whether and how such narratives impact emotional or clinical outcomes [56].”
From Web-Based Interventions for Behavior Change and Self-Management: Potential, Pitfalls, and Progress (2012) · cites this paper as [56]
Citations
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The Inclusion of Patient Testimonials in Decision Aids
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Metadata
- Authors
- ZIEBLAND, S., & WYKE, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- ORCID
- WYKE, SALLY
- Venue
- The Milbank Quarterly
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-06
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 219-249
- ISSN
- 0887-378X (ISSN-L)
- 1468-0009
- PMC
- PMC3460203
- OpenAlex
- W2139185994
- Semantic Scholar
- 5ca93bbce4da0435793e19f8b6c5c7170e9b2bb6
- Cited by
- 554
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 4.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Milbank Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (RP-PG-0608-10147)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Literacy and Information Accessibility
- Social Sciences › Health › Social Media in Health Education
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mental Health and Patient Involvement
- Keywords
- peer support, health information seeking, e-health, patient blogs, social networking, illness narratives, health data visualization, patient participation in health care, health and illness
- MeSH terms
- United Kingdom, Health Services Research, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Online Systems, Patients, Internet, Social Networking
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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