Cited by 408Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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Exploring the nature and function of anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorders.

Wood, Jeffrey J., Gadow, Kenneth D.·2010·Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice

DOI 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2010.01220.x

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Abstract

[Clin Psychol Sci Prac 17: 281–292, 2010] This article considers the nosology and pathogenesis of anxiety disorders in youth with autism. The comparability of anxiety in the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) population in relation to the typically developing population has been suggested by some recent findings, but conceptual and empirical ambiguities remain. It is suggested that anxiety may play at least three roles: (a) a downstream consequence of ASD symptoms (e.g., via stress generation through social rejection); (b) a moderator of ASD symptom severity, such that certain core autism symptoms like social skill deficits and repetitive behaviors may be exacerbated by anxiety; and (c) as a proxy of core ASD symptoms. Suggestions for clarifying the nature and function of anxiety in autism are made.

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Background
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The moderating effect of autism symptomology on the relationship of cognitive and adaptive functioning with anxiety symptoms in infants and toddlers
Rieske, R. D. (2012) · Louisiana State University · doi:10.31390/gradschool_theses.2036
“Further overlap exists in the higher rates of overall anxiety disorders in individuals and families with ASD and research which shows that high levels of anxiety in those with ASD covaries with more social maladjustment and core symptoms of ASD (Chang, Quan, & Wood, 2012; Wood & Gadow, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluential
The Contribution of Comorbid Symptomology to the Social Skill Deficits in Infants and Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Cervantes, P. E. (2014) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_theses.3782
“Wood and Gadow (2010) warn clinicians of the difficulty in differential or dual diagnosis of OCD and ASD.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Improving Anxiety Assessment in Autism: A Potential Use for Heart Rate Variability and Heart Rate
Muskett, A. (2018) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)
Exploring experiences of motherhood: mothers' angst, love and resilience
Rosenberg, J. (2018) · City Research Online (City University London)
Functions of Challenging Behaviors and Strategies Utilized to Decrease Challenging Behaviors: Teachers’ and Parents’ Reports of Children with and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder
Javed, S. (2019) · ProQuest LLC eBooks · doi:10.7916/d8-y1j4-6p39
Evaluation of the predictive ability of a screening instrument used to diagnose co-occurrence of anxiety in children with high-functioning autism.
Zachary, A. (2018) · doi:10.18297/etd/3093
“Misclassification of co-occurring ASD and anxiety is plausible, as many of symptoms of ASD (such as repetitive behaviors, communication deficits) are shared with anxiety disorders (43).”
Background
Co-morbid anxiety disorders in children and youth with autism spectrum disorders
Chapman, C. K. (2019) · ThinkTech (Texas Tech University)
Social Communication Symptoms in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Predicting Comorbid Anxiety Disorder
Cleinmark, P. D., Freeman, A., McKenney, E. L. W., Kehl, L. M., Hupp, S., & Jewell, J. D. (2020) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282920930539
“Wood and Gadow (2010) noted specifically that communication problems, social deficits, and repetitive or stereotyped behaviors can be conditions of either disorder.”
BackgroundInfluential
Conceptualization of comorbid anxiety in autism spectrum disorder: An integrative literature review
Behzadpour, S., Pouretemad, H., & Akbarizardkhaneh, S. (2021) · Koomesh journal · doi:10.29252/koomesh.23.1.11
Common and Distinct Neural Mechanisms of Fear Acquisition and Reversal in comorbid Autism with Social Anxiety and Social Anxiety Disorder uncomplicated by Autism
Coffman, M. C. (2019) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)
Autism Spectrum Disorder and child maltreatment: forensic considerations
Byrnes, K. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85031-5.00029-3
Trauma in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Empirically Informed Model of Assessment and Intervention to Address the Effects of Traumatic Events
Stack, A., & Lucyshyn, J. M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70913-6_5
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy in Children and Adults with Autism
Buuren, E. L.-V., Mevissen, L., & de Jongh, A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_102388
Family Accommodation in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Koller, J., & Lebowitz, E. R. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_102436
General Anxiety
Sterling, L., & Wood, J. J. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_460
Self-citation
Perfectionism
Dyke, M. V. V., & Wood, J. J. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_472
Self-citation
General Anxiety
Sterling, L., & Wood, J. J. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_460
Self-citation
Face Processing in Autism: Active Avoidance of the Eyes Versus Passive Indifference
Tanaka, J. W., Dwyer, P. S. R., & Kyotani, H. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_102199
Face Processing in Autism: Active Avoidance of the Eyes Versus Passive Indifference
Tanaka, J. W., Dwyer, P. S. R., & Kyotani, H. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102199-1
Incorporating autism symptoms into a transdiagnostic model of anxiety and depression symptoms results in an improved model and distinct factor structure for autistic youthPreprint
Rosen, T. E., Rodriguez-Seijas, C. A., Gadow, K. D., & Lerner, M. D. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2026271/v1
Self-citation
Stories of students with autism, their lived experiences and journey throughout education: A narrative analysis
Pickard-Hengstenberg, H. (2022) · doi:10.23889/suthesis.62109 · Cited by 1
Does teaching on specific ASD adaptations improve knowledge and skills in an Adult Community Treatment Team?
Herrema, R., & Nemat, N. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Forum · doi:10.53841/bpscpf.2020.1.333.40
فعالية التدخل السلوكي القائم على الأدلة في خفض مستوى القلق وتحسين التواصل الاجتماعي والانتباه المشترك لدى أطفال التوحد مرتفعي الأداء الوظيفي
العثمان, د. ع. ا. ع. ا., & إبراهيم, د. م. ت. ا. (2023) · مجلة دراسات وبحوث التربية النوعية · doi:10.21608/jsezu.2023.291525
Developing and Implementing a Web-Based Branching Logic Survey to Support Psychiatric Crisis Evaluations of Individuals With Developmental Disabilities: Qualitative Study and Evaluation of Validity
Bilder, D. A., Mthembu, M., Worsham, W., Aguayo, P., Knight, J. R., Deng, S. W., Singh, T. P., & Davis, J. L. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/50907
“To reduce overclassification among individuals whose autism core features overlap with some anxiety symptoms [51], the Sources of Distress anxiety scoring algorithm was set at a higher threshold than the generalized anxiety disorder criteria described in DM-ID-2 .”
Method
The hidden meanings of repetitive behaviors: A window into the child’s inner world from a multidisciplinary perspective
Peleg, Y., Binya, Y. B., & Foley, G. M. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-27366-7.00004-3
Within-Person Effects of Executive Functioning on Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms in Youth with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Longitudinal Study
Orm, S., Wood, J. J., Fossum, I. N., Andersen, P. N., Fjermestad, K. W., Øie, M. G., & Skogli, E. W. (2024) · Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s41252-024-00421-1 · Cited by 1
“…may be due to a range of factors common to both disorders, such as social difficulties, challenges with emotion regulation, executive functioning (EF), and camouflaging behaviors to reduce stigmatization (Conner et al., 2023; Seymour et al., 2014; van der Putten et al., 2024; Wood & Gadow, 2010).”
Self-citation
State and trait anxiety in autistic children; Signs reported by autistic adults and parents of autistic children
Jolliffe, R., Adams, D., & Simpson, K. (2025) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.reia.2025.202552
Challenges and hopes for treatment of anxiety disorder in the autistic population
Dulski, T., Tolak, S., & Zmorzyńska, J. (2025) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149675 · Cited by 2
The traumatic stress response in children with autism spectrum disorder – a case series
Lewandowska, Z., Figlerowicz, M., Stępień, G., & Mazur‐Melewska, K. (2025) · Pediatria i Medycyna Rodzinna · doi:10.15557/pimr.2025.0021
Transient Early Postnatal Neuronal Hyperexcitation Results in Lasting Social Preference DeficitsPreprint
Bach, H., Nakamura-Vernet, M., Lançon, K., Drapeau, P., Mhenni, H. B., Oram, C., Martin, S., Séguéla, P., & Poulin, J.-F. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.09.04.674307
“We investigated anxiety-like behaviour since anxiety is known to be more common in youth with ASD compared to their peers (Avni et al., 2018; Wood et al., 2010).”
Utilizing Parent-Led, Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Autistic Adolescents with Anxiety-Related Disorders: Preliminary Insights from the Development of the Learning to Understand and Navigate Anxiety for Adolescents Program.
Onyeka, O., Riddle, D. B., Tan, S. X. L., Guzick, A., & Storch, E. A. (2025) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2025.06.008
Valproic Acid Exposure During the Brain Growth Spurt Leads to Autistic‐Like Behaviours in Mice
Denucci, B. L., de Sousa, M. C., Aguiar, N. A. D. P., Paes‐Branco, D., Pinheiro, V. H. S. D., Araújo, U. C., Braga, F. U., de Souza, C. A., Ribeiro‐Carvalho, A., Abreu‐Villaça, Y., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1002/jdn.70056 · Cited by 1
“…observed in ASD patients (Rosen et al. 2018), and despite the challenges associated with setting apart these two conditions (Krahe et al. 2016; Wood and Gadow 2010), recent advances have allowed the recognition of symptoms of anxiety that are unique to autism (for review, see Andrews et al.…”
Adaptive Behavior and Bullying Experiences in Spanish-Speaking Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder Level 1
Pedroche, A. S., Adrover‐Roig, D., Valera-Pozo, M., Díaz, M. F. L., & Aguilar-Mediavilla, E. M. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12121707 · Cited by 1
“Anxiety in autistic youth often manifests in both typical and atypical forms, including heightened distress in response to change, idiosyncratic fears, and excessive worry about social misun-derstanding [54,56].”

Authors: Wood, J. J., & Gadow, K. D.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Stony Brook University (US)
ORCID: Wood, Jeffrey J.
Venue: Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2010-12
Volume: 17
Issue: 4
Pages: 281-292
ISSN: 0969-5893 (ISSN-L)
1468-2850
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2010.01220.x
OpenAlex: W1528335495
Cited by: 407
References: 72
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 10.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm, 1735 d)
Locations: Clinical Psychology Science and Practice (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, anxiety disorders, youth, disease classification, pathogenesis, social rejection, stress, social skills deficits, repetitive behavior, symptom severity, moderation

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Exploring the nature and function of anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorders.

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