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Exploring the nature and function of anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorders.
Abstract
[Clin Psychol Sci Prac 17: 281–292, 2010] This article considers the nosology and pathogenesis of anxiety disorders in youth with autism. The comparability of anxiety in the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) population in relation to the typically developing population has been suggested by some recent findings, but conceptual and empirical ambiguities remain. It is suggested that anxiety may play at least three roles: (a) a downstream consequence of ASD symptoms (e.g., via stress generation through social rejection); (b) a moderator of ASD symptom severity, such that certain core autism symptoms like social skill deficits and repetitive behaviors may be exacerbated by anxiety; and (c) as a proxy of core ASD symptoms. Suggestions for clarifying the nature and function of anxiety in autism are made.
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“Studies of children have shown that overlap between the core clinical characteristics of autism and the symptoms of anxiety can render standardised clinical tools invalid (Kerns et al., 2015; Wood & Gadow, 2010)”
From Self-guided mindfulness and cognitive behavioural practices reduce anxiety in autistic adults: A pilot 8-month waitlist-controlled trial of widely available online tools. (2020) · cites this paper as Wood & Gadow, 2010
In the citing paper
“An alternative, but not mutually exclusive explanation is that social anxiety, as opposed to diminished social motivation, contributes to social avoidance behaviors in ASD [185].”
From Social “wanting” dysfunction in autism: neurobiological underpinnings and treatment implications (2012) · cites this paper as [185]
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Hollocks, M. J., Lerh, J. W., Magiati, I., Meiser-Stedman, R., & Brugha, T. S. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718002283 · Cited by 988
“One important issue to consider when reviewing the available literature on mental health comorbidities in those with ASD is the problem of diagnostic over-shadowing (Wood and Gadow, 2010).”
Identifying the lost generation of adults with autism spectrum conditions
Lai, M.-C., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2015) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00277-1 · Cited by 756
Lever, A. G., & Geurts, H. M. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2722-8 · Cited by 572
“…of co-occurring disorders is associated with lower quality of life, greater demands for professional help, poorer prognosis, greater interference with everyday life, and worse outcome (Lainhart 1999; Matson and Cervantes 2014; Seltzer et al. 2004; Vannucchi et al. 2014; Wood and Gadow 2010).”
Boulter, C., Freeston, M., South, M., & Rodgers, J. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-2001-x · Cited by 401
“Anxiety is common in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and a significant source of distress (White et al. 2009; Wood and Gadow 2010).”
BackgroundResultTraditional and atypical presentations of anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorder
Kerns, C. M., Kendall, P. C., Berry, L., Souders, M. C., Franklin, M. E., Schultz, R. T., Miller, J., & Herrington, J. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2141-7 · Cited by 405
“sentations was guided by DSM-IV criteria for anxiety disorders, clinical knowledge of ASD, and prior research (Leyfer et al. 2006; Muris et al. 1998; Wood and Gadow 2010).”
BackgroundMethodCo-occurring psychiatric conditions in autism spectrum disorder
Rosen, T. E., Mazefsky, C. A., Vasa, R. A., & Lerner, M. D. (2018) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2018.1450229 · Cited by 325
“Further, atypical symptoms represent a meaningful and unique presentation of anxiety symptoms that are not captured by the DSM, yet represent a construct related to anxiety, as well as ASD symptoms (Kerns et al., 2014; Wood & Gadow, 2010).”
BackgroundThe presentation and classification of anxiety in autism spectrum disorder.
Kerns, C. M., & Kendall, P. C. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12009 · Cited by 347
Traumatic Childhood Events and Autism Spectrum Disorder
Kerns, C. M., Newschaffer, C. J., & Berkowitz, S. J. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2392-y · Cited by 312
“information processing/perception differences, impaired emotional insight and reduced goal-directedness, may diminish the use of cognitive coping and other adaptive strategies to modulate emotion leading to an exaggerated trauma response (Bleil Walters et al. 2013; Mazefsky et al. 2013; Groden et al. 2006; Wood and Ga…”
BackgroundAnxiety Levels in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis
van Steensel, F. J. A., & Heeman, E. J. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0687-7 · Cited by 269
“…for these fi ndings have been suggested by various authors (see Bellini 2006, who propose a model for the development of social anxiety in ASD; Wood and Gadow 2010, who propose a model in which ASD and anxiety exacerbate each other; van Steensel et al. (2014) who do not propose an explicit…”
Ung, D., Selles, R., Small, B. J., & Storch, E. A. (2015) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-014-0494-y · Cited by 231
Maskey, M., Lowry, J., Rodgers, J., McConachie, H., & Parr, J. R. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100374 · Cited by 215
“For children with ASD, their peers, parents and teachers, anxiety is problematic, as it causes distress, and has broader consequences, limiting opportunities to participate in activities and learning [41], [42].”
BackgroundKerns, C. M., Kendall, P. C., Zickgraf, H., Franklin, M. E., Miller, J., & Herrington, J. (2015) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.03.005 · Cited by 212
Wood, J. J., Ehrenreich-May, J., Alessandri, M., Fujii, C., Renno, P., Laugeson, E., Piacentini, J. C., De Nadai, A. S., Arnold, E., Lewin, A. B., et al. (2015) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.01.002 · Cited by 229
“There is increasing recognition in the field that anxiety and ASD symptom severity may be partially interdependent (e.g., Chang et al., 2012; Spiker et al., 2012; Wood & Gadow, 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citation(2014) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4788-7 · Cited by 201
Social “wanting” dysfunction in autism: neurobiological underpinnings and treatment implications
Kohls, G., Chevallier, C., Troiani, V., & Schultz, R. T. (2012) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/1866-1955-4-10 · Cited by 197
“An alternative, but not mutually exclusive explanation is that social anxiety, as opposed to diminished social motivation, contributes to social avoidance behaviors in ASD [185].”
BackgroundAutism Spectrum Disorder: Defining Dimensions and Subgroups
Ousley, O., & Cermak, T. (2013) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-013-0003-1 · Cited by 229
“Parents report a high level of anxiety symptoms experienced in relation to their child’s inability to accept changes in daily routines, to transition from one activity to another, to accept redirection away from perseverative behaviors, or to tolerate environmental stimuli such as particular sounds [92, 93].”
BackgroundAnxiety Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Postorino, V., Kerns, C. M., Vivanti, G., Bradshaw, J., Siracusano, M., & Mazzone, L. (2017) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0846-y · Cited by 186
Characterization and Utilization of Preferred Interests: A Survey of Adults on the Autism Spectrum
Koenig, K. P., & Williams, L. H. (2017) · Occupational Therapy in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/0164212x.2016.1248877 · Cited by 196
“This benefit is especially important for this population, as a high percentage of individuals with ASD experience significant levels of anxiety (Wood & Gadow, 2010).”
BackgroundAnxiety disorders in children and adolescents: A summary and overview of the literature
Rapee, R. M., Creswell, C., Kendall, P. C., Pine, D. S., & Waters, A. M. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104376 · Cited by 227
van Steensel, F. J. A., Bögels, S. M., & de Bruin, E. I. (2012) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-012-9587-z · Cited by 202
“anxiety disorder [see for example Wood and Gadow (2010) and van Steensel et al. (2011) for some discussion about this issue].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWilliams, Z. J., He, J. L., Cascio, C. J., & Woynaroski, T. G. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.030 · Cited by 175
Brookman-Frazee, L., Stadnick, N., Chlebowski, C., Baker-Ericzén, M., & Ganger, W. (2018) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361317712650 · Cited by 174
“Additional anxiety can be the trigger to what appears as a challenging behavior (Wood and Gadow, 2010).”
BackgroundMeasuring Anxiety as a Treatment Endpoint in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Lecavalier, L., Wood, J. J., Halladay, A. K., Jones, N. E., Aman, M. G., Cook, E. H., Handen, B. L., King, B. H., Pearson, D. A., Hallett, V., et al. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1974-9 · Cited by 184
“First, symptoms of anxiety may be difficult to disentangle from symptoms of ASD (White et al. 2009; Wood and Gadow 2010; Kerns and Kendall 2012).”
Self-citationJoyce, C., Honey, E., Leekam, S. R., Barrett, S. L., & Rodgers, J. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3027-2 · Cited by 171
“…act as a coping response to reduce anxiety (Joosten, Bundy, & Einfeld, 2009; Spiker, Lin, Van Dyke, & Wood, 2012), the behaviours may potentially elicit anxiety themselves (Sofronoff, Attwood, & Hinton, 2005) and/or anxiety may potentially act as a moderator exacerbating RRB (Wood & Gadow, 2010).”
BackgroundKerns, C. M., Renno, P., Kendall, P. C., Wood, J. J., & Storch, E. A. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2016.1233501 · Cited by 170
“Ambiguous anxiety-like features may reflect ASD-specific variants of anxiety or may be aspects of the ASD diathesis that vary among individuals with ASD (Kerns & Kendall, 2012; Wood & Gadow, 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRestricted interests and anxiety in children with autism
Spiker, M. A., Lin, C. E., Dyke, M. V. V., & Wood, J. J. (2011) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361311401763 · Cited by 189
“In addition, many children with ASD have been found to exhibit clinically significant anxiety symptoms that include separation anxiety, generalized anxiety, and social anxiety, as well as OCD (Wood and Gadow, 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationOzsivadjian, A., Knott, F., & Magiati, I. (2012) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361311431703 · Cited by 161
“The themes identified by the parents in our study (Figure 1) very closely map onto the factors put forward by Wood and Gadow (2010), and provide some initial support for the face and external validity of this proposed model and its applicability to the real-life experiences of anxious young people with ASD and their f…”
BackgroundInfluentialKerns, C. M., Winder-Patel, B., Iosif, A. M., Nordahl, C. W., Heath, B., Solomon, M., & Amaral, D. G. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2019.1703712 · Cited by 156
“…Implications and Future Directions It has been hypothesized that anxiety in ASD may reflect an artifact of phenotypic overlap, or a distinct co-occurring condition, either similar (e.g. comorbidity) or varied in presentation from monomorbid anxiety (Kerns & Kendall, 2012; Wood & Gadow, 2010).”
BackgroundStorch, E. A., Sulkowski, M. L., Nadeau, J., Lewin, A. B., Arnold, E. B., Mutch, P. J., Jones, A. M., & Murphy, T. K. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1795-x · Cited by 157
“More specifically, youth with ASD may make suicidal statements when they are emotionally overwhelmed and incapable of applying more effective functional communication, emotional regulation, and general coping skills to manage their distress (Brereton et al. 2006; Gillott et al. 2001; Wood and Gadow 2010).”
BackgroundWeiss, J. A., Thomson, K., Burnham Riosa, P., Albaum, C., Chan, V., Maughan, A., Tablon, P., & Black, K. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12915 · Cited by 138
“Some variability in postintervention outcomes should be expected, as children with ASD continue to struggle with many stressors (Wood & Gadow, 2010).”
BackgroundJiujias, M., Kelley, E. A., & Hall, L. (2017) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-017-0717-0 · Cited by 162
“Do RRBs perpetuate the presence of anxiety, or does anxiety encourage the execution of RRBs as a form of relief? Although some researchers speculate whether the timeconsuming and intense nature of RRBs in ASD contributes to social ostracizing [86], it appears as though insistence on sameness routines and restricted in…”
Comorbid Autism Spectrum Disorder and Anxiety Disorders: A Brief Review
Zaboski, B. A., & Storch, E. A. (2018) · Future Neurology · doi:10.2217/fnl-2017-0030 · Cited by 151
PTSD and autism spectrum disorder: Co-morbidity, gaps in research, and potential shared mechanisms.
Haruvi-Lamdan, N., Horesh, D., & Golan, O. (2017) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000298 · Cited by 166
“Wood and Gadow (2010) suggest that youth with ASD may turn to maladaptive coping strategies, such as repetitive behaviors and social avoidance, as a means of escaping negative affect.”
BackgroundHollocks, M. J., Jones, C. R. G., Pickles, A., Baird, G., Happé, F., Charman, T., & Simonoff, E. (2014) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1361 · Cited by 150
“It has been suggested that these symptom overlaps may lead to difficulty in differential diagnosis and inflate estimates of the prevalence of anxiety in ASD [Wood & Gadow, 2010].”
BackgroundKapp, S. K. (2023) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13020106 · Cited by 169
Sizoo, B. B., & Kuiper, E. (2017) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2017.03.004 · Cited by 140
van Steensel, F. J. A., Bögels, S. M., & Dirksen, C. D. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.698725 · Cited by 137
“Wood and Gadow (2010) proposed that many core ASD symptoms lead to stressful experiences that promote anxiety.”
BackgroundShephard, E., Bedford, R., Milosavljevic, B., Gliga, T., Jones, E. J. H., Pickles, A. R., Johnson, M. H., Charman, T., & The BASIS Team (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12947 · Cited by 136
“…of anxiety in ASD have been proposed, including the coexistence of distinct disorders with independent causal pathways, an ASD-specific variant of anxiety, and anxiety occurring as a consequence of ASD symptoms (e.g. social interaction difficulties leading to stress and anxiety) (Wood & Gadow, 2010).”
Weiss, J. A., Thomson, K., & Chan, L. (2014) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1426 · Cited by 132
Emotion Regulation and Parent Co-Regulation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Ting, V., & Weiss, J. A. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-3009-9 · Cited by 128
“2008; Wood and Gadow 2010).”
BackgroundChang, Y., Quan, J. L., & Wood, J. J. (2012) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-012-9268-2 · Cited by 149
“These stressful experiences of rejection or victimization around such social skill differences may also be a precursor of heightened social anxiety, leading to future social avoidance and, again, limited opportunities to practice and refine skills (Wood and Gadow 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationAvni, E., Ben‐Itzchak, E., & Zachor, D. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00717 · Cited by 126
“Anxiety is among the most common mental health problems in ASD (4, 8).”
BackgroundAssessment and Treatment of Anxiety in Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Vasa, R. A., Mazurek, M. O., Mahajan, R., Bennett, A. E., Bernal, M. P., Nozzolillo, A. A., Arnold, L. E., & Coury, D. L. (2016) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2015-2851j · Cited by 139
Brookman-Frazee, L. I., Drahota, A., & Stadnick, N. A. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1406-7 · Cited by 131
Gardiner, E., & Iarocci, G. (2017) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1877 · Cited by 132
Taylor, J. L., & Gotham, K. O. (2016) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-016-9160-y · Cited by 116
“Studies consistently find elevated rates of anxiety disorders and symptomatology in these individuals (for reviews, see [5, 6]).”
BackgroundAnxiety in Youth With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder: Examination of Factorial Equivalence
White, S. W., Lerner, M. D., McLeod, B. D., Wood, J. J., Ginsburg, G. S., Kerns, C. M., Ollendick, T. H., Kendall, P. C., Piacentini, J. C., Walkup, J. T., et al. (2014) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.05.005 · Cited by 115
“However, it is unclear whether the manifestation of anxiety in youth with ASD is the same as anxiety seen in typically developing (TD) youth (Ollendick & White, 2012; Wood & Gadow, 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationActivity Participation and Sensory Features Among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Little, L. M., Ausderau, K., Sideris, J. H., & Baranek, G. T. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2460-3 · Cited by 115
“Some research suggests that children may demonstrate sensory interests, repetitions, and seeking behavior in order to modulate anxiety associated with unpredictable sensory stimuli (Boyd et al. 2010; Wood and Gadow 2010), which could limit participation in activities outside the home.”
Koegel, R. L., Fredeen, R. M., Kim, S. W., Danial, J. T., Rubinstein, D., & Koegel, L. K. (2012) · Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions · doi:10.1177/1098300712437043 · Cited by 112
“…lack of socialization is correlated with the fact that adolescents with ASD are at higher risk for developing depressive symptoms (Kim, Szatmari, Bryson, Streiner, & Wilson, 2000) and developing high levels of social anxiety (Gillott, Furniss, & Walter, 2001; Sze & Wood, 2007; Wood & Gadow, 2010).”
BackgroundTrauma and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Review, Proposed Treatment Adaptations and Future Directions
Peterson, J. L., Earl, R. K., Fox, E. A., Ma, R., Haidar, G., Pepper, M., Berliner, L., Wallace, A. S., & Bernier, R. (2019) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-019-00253-5 · Cited by 133
McGillivray, J. A., & Evert, H. T. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2087-9 · Cited by 105
Storch, E. A., Ehrenreich, J. T., Wood, J. J., Jones, A. M., Nadai, A. S. D., Lewin, A. B., Arnold, E. B., & Murphy, T. K. (2012) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2011.0114 · Cited by 110
“C with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), substantially contributing to functional impairment (Ben-Sasson et al. 2008; Kelly et al. 2008; Sukhodolsky et al. 2008) and complicating diagnostic assessment (Wood and Gadow 2010).”
Self-citationBrief report: emotion regulation and respiratory sinus arrhythmia in autism spectrum disorder
Guy, L., Souders, M., Bradstreet, L., DeLussey, C., & Herrington, J. D. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2124-8 · Cited by 102
“Identifying a valid biomarker is particularly important for individuals with ASD given their deficits in recognizing and interpreting their own emotions, complicating self-report (Wood and Gadow 2010).”
Vasa, R. A., Kalb, L. G., Mazurek, M. O., Kanne, S. M., Freedman, B. H., Keefer, A. J., Clemons, T. E., & Murray, D. S. (2013) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2013.07.005 · Cited by 114
Trajectories of co-occurring psychopathology symptoms in autism from late childhood to adulthood
McCauley, J. B., Elias, R., & Lord, C. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420000826 · Cited by 105
Reaven, J., Blakeley‐Smith, A., Leuthe, E., Moody, E. J., & Hepburn, S. (2012) · Autism Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2012/423905 · Cited by 111
“In youth with ASD, social anxiety occurs at higher rates compared with typically developing youth [32, 33].”
BackgroundWood, J. J., McLeod, B. D., Klebanoff, S., & Brookman-Frazee, L. I. (2014) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.07.003 · Cited by 100
Self-citationMechanisms of change in psychosocial interventions for autism spectrum disorders
Lerner, M. D., White, S. W., & McPartland, J. C. (2012) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2012.14.3/mlerner · Cited by 102
Factor, R. S., Ryan, S. M., Farley, J. P., Ollendick, T. H., & Scarpa, A. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-3025-9 · Cited by 118
Taylor, J. L., Adams, R. E., & Bishop, S. L. (2016) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1709 · Cited by 104
“…are regularly found among youth and adults with ASD [e.g., Hofvander et al., 2009; Kerns & Kendall, 2012; Lugnegard, Hallerback, & Gillberg, 2011; Wood & Gadow, 2010], little is known about the implications of these symptoms for other areas of life such as employment, independent living,…”
Schiltz, H. K., McVey, A. J., Dolan, B. K., Haendel, A. D., Stanley, R. E., Arias, A. A., Gordon, N. S., & Hecke, A. V. V. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320967789 · Cited by 98
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children With Autism
Danial, J. T., & Wood, J. J. (2013) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e31829f676c · Cited by 102
Self-citationRumball, F. (2018) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-018-0133-9 · Cited by 100
“Anxiety in ASD presents an increased symptom burden over and above that associated with ASD, with the potential to exacerbate core ASD features and to increase social withdrawal and behavioural problems (for a review see Wood and Gadow 2010).”
BackgroundPrevalence of Anxiety in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Kent, R., & Simonoff, E. A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805122-1.00002-8 · Cited by 114
Kreslins, A., Robertson, A., & Melville, C. A. (2015) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-015-0054-7 · Cited by 108
“These maladaptive behaviours may be difficult to differentiate from symptoms of ASD [6, 9, 12] resulting in anxiety being underreported in this”
BackgroundExposure to nature for children with autism spectrum disorder: Benefits, caveats, and barriers
Li, D., Larsen, L., Yang, Y., Wang, L., Zhai, Y., & SULLIVAN, W. C. (2018) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.11.005 · Cited by 113
Bearss, K., Taylor, C. A., Aman, M. G., Whittemore, R., Lecavalier, L., Miller, J., Pritchett, J., Green, B., & Scahill, L. (2016) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361315601012 · Cited by 88
“Similarly, there was a considerable deliberation on whether anxiety is a co-occurring problem in children with ASD, a complication of ASD or in some way convergent with ASD (Hallett et al., 2013; Lecavalier et al., 2014; Kerns et al., 2014; Kerns and Kendall, 2012; Wood and Gadow, 2010).”
BackgroundUljarević, M., Richdale, A. L., McConachie, H., Hedley, D., Cai, R. Y., Merrick, H., Parr, J. R., & Le Couteur, A. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1872 · Cited by 85
“This includes making judgements about the appropriate use of standardized tools such as anxiety instruments, originally developed for the general population, with individuals with ASD [Lecavalier et al., 2014; Wigham & McConachie, 2014; Wood & Gadow, 2010].”
MethodDuvekot, J., van der Ende, J., Verhulst, F. C., & Greaves‐Lord, K. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12829 · Cited by 83
“Consistent with the prevailing view in the literature (White et al., 2014; Wood & Gadow, 2010), we expect a bidirectional relationship between ASD and anxiety symptoms, though based on previous studies, a larger of effect may be expected of the ASD core symptoms on anxiety than the other way around.”
Lau, B. Y., Leong, R., Uljarevic, M., Lerh, J. W., Rodgers, J., Hollocks, M. J., South, M., McConachie, H., Ozsivadjian, A., Van Hecke, A., et al. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361319886246 · Cited by 81
Renno, P., & Wood, J. J. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1767-1 · Cited by 82
“Common to all psychiatric symptoms in people with ASD, controversy exists over whether ‘‘true’’ psychiatric syndromes occur in individuals with ASD or if such manifestations are part of the ASD diathesis or predisposition (Gadow et al. 2006; Gillott et al. 2001; Green et al. 2000; Lecavalier et al. 2009; Muris et al.…”
Self-citationQuality of Life Changes during the COVID-19 Pandemic for Caregivers of Children with ADHD and/or ASD
Pecor, K. W., Barbayannis, G., Yang, M., Johnson, J., Materasso, S., Borda, M., Garcia, D., Garla, V., & Ming, X. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18073667 · Cited by 87
Thomson, K. M., Riosa, P. B., & Weiss, J. A. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2446-1 · Cited by 90
Amygdala Volume Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder Are Related to Anxiety
Herrington, J., Maddox, B., Kerns, C., Rump, K. M., Worley, J. A., Bush, J. C., McVey, A. J., Schultz, R., & Miller, J. S. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3206-1 · Cited by 71
“The present data relate to an ongoing debate regarding the nature of the relationship between ASD and anxiety (Kerns and Kendall 2012; Mazefsky et al. 2013; Mazefsky and Herrington 2014; Wood and Gadow 2010).”
BackgroundJohnson, C. R., DeMand, A., Lecavalier, L., Smith, T. H., Aman, M. G., Foldes, E., & Scahill, L. D. (2015) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2015.12.005 · Cited by 83
“The limited communication skills of many young children with ASD, however, pose challenges for measuring anxiety in this population [57–59].”
BackgroundAnxiety in children with autism at school: a systematic review
Adams, D., Young, K., & Keen, D. (2019) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-019-00172-z · Cited by 76
Fujii, C., Renno, P., McLeod, B. D., Lin, C., Decker, K. B., Zielinski, K., & Wood, J. J. (2012) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-012-9090-0 · Cited by 76
Self-citationLiew, S. M., Thevaraja, N., Hong, R. Y. S., & Magiati, I. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2238-z · Cited by 89
“The five mediators examined in the present study were purposefully selected given preliminary empirical evidence by Rosbrook and Whittingham (2010) and guided by the theoretical model by Wood and Gadow (2010).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSeeing More Than Human: Autism and Anthropomorphic Theory of Mind
Atherton, G., & Cross, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00528 · Cited by 87
“Thus, an aspect of SM theory involves the possibility that decreased social reward processing may be in part a downstream consequence of the negative social experiences those with ASD symptoms often endure (Wood and Gadow, 2010).”
BackgroundThe Differential Diagnosis of Anxiety Disorders in Cognitively-Able Youth With Autism
Kerns, C. M., Rump, K., Worley, J., Kratz, H., McVey, A., Herrington, J., & Miller, J. (2016) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2015.11.004 · Cited by 75
Saggers, B. R. (2015) · Improving Schools · doi:10.1177/1365480214566213 · Cited by 99
“…and predictability, the noisy, bustling and chaotic environment of secondary school can incite extreme levels of anxiety which, in comparison with typically developing adolescents experiencing similar stressors, can impair their ability to function within that environment (Wood & Gadow, 2010).”
BackgroundMagiati, I., Ong, C. W., Lim, X. Y., Tan, J. W., Ong, A. Y. L., Patrycia, F., Fung, D. S. S., Sung, M., Poon, K. K., & Howlin, P. (2015) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361315577519 · Cited by 81
“Anxietyrelated concerns are among the most common mental health problems in ASD (Ghaziuddin, 2002; Wood and Gadow, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialWeiss, J. A. (2014) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12084 · Cited by 73
“In their model, Wood and Gadow (2010) suggest that ASD-related stressors (of social confusion; peer rejections and victimization related to ASD symptoms; prevention or punishment of preferred behaviors or interests; and frequent aversive sensory experiences) lead to increased overall negative…”
BackgroundPsychometric properties of the SCARED in youth with autism spectrum disorder
Stern, J. A., Gadgil, M. S., Blakeley‐Smith, A., Reaven, J., & Hepburn, S. (2014) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.06.008 · Cited by 78
“Alternatively, elevated scores for social anxiety may reflect diagnostic overlap with core deficits of ASD, as social avoidance behaviors may stem from both fear of embarrassment and lack of social skills or motivation (Wood & Gadow, 2010).”
BackgroundAnxiety moderates the influence of ASD severity on quality of life in adults with ASD
Smith, I. C., Ollendick, T. H., & White, S. W. (2019) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2019.03.001 · Cited by 73
Brookman-Frazee, L., Roesch, S., Chlebowski, C., Baker-Ericzen, M., & Ganger, W. (2019) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0011 · Cited by 71
Brief measures of anxiety in non-treatment-seeking youth with autism spectrum disorder
Kerns, C. M., Maddox, B. B., Kendall, P. C., Rump, K. M., Berry, L. N., Schultz, R. T., Souders, M. C., Bennett, A. E., Herrington, J. D., & Miller, J. S. (2015) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361314558465 · Cited by 75
“Moreover, there is speculation as to whether anxiety presents in a similar or distinct manner across children with and without ASD (see Ollendick and White, 2012; Scahill, 2012; White et al., 2014; Wood and Gadow, 2010).”
BackgroundPhenomenology of Comorbid Autism Spectrum and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders Among Children
Lewin, A. B., Wood, J. J., Gunderson, S., Murphy, T. K., & Storch, E. A. (2011) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-011-9247-z · Cited by 75
“closely they resemble presentation of obsessive-compulsive behaviors in OCD (Jacob et al. 2009; Wood and Gadow 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLifetime and perceived stress, social support, loneliness, and health in autistic adults.
Moseley, R. L., Turner-Cobb, J. M., Spahr, C. M., Shields, G. S., & Slavich, G. M. (2021) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0001108 · Cited by 71
“Their social difficulties often invoke negative responses from others, which can engender chronic anxiety (Wood & Gadow, 2010).”
BackgroundThe Relationship Between Sensory Reactivity Differences and Anxiety Subtypes in Autistic Children
MacLennan, K., Roach, L. E., & Tavassoli, T. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2259 · Cited by 86
“INSARMacLennan et al./Sensory and anxiety in autistic children790 characteristics that can cause problems with overlap in research, such as compulsive and ritualistic behavior, communication differences, and social avoidance [Wood & Gadow, 2010].”
BackgroundFactor, R. S., Condy, E. E., Farley, J. P., & Scarpa, A. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2781-x · Cited by 78
“Whereas compulsive and ritualistic behaviors are seen in both social anxiety and ASD (Wood and Gadow 2010), anxiety and IS have been validated as separate constructs (Gotham et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialDoes empathy predict altruism in the wild?
Bethlehem, R. A. I., Allison, C. L., van Andel, E. M., Coles, A. I., Neil, K., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2016) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2016.1249944 · Cited by 67
“In addition, individuals with autism might experience novel situations as more stressful (Wood & Gadow, 2010), which in turn might reduce their helping behavior.”
Backgroundvan Steensel, F. J. A., Deutschman, A., & Bögels, S. M. (2012) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361312455875 · Cited by 70
“This finding might reflect problems with symptom overlap between the two disorders (see e.g. Wood and Gadow, 2010).”
BackgroundHerrington, J. D., Miller, J. S., Pandey, J., & Schultz, R. T. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw015 · Cited by 70
Gaigg, S. B., Flaxman, P. E., McLaven, G., Shah, R., Bowler, D. M., Meyer, B., Roestorf, A., Haenschel, C., Rodgers, J., & South, M. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320909184 · Cited by 80
“…have shown that overlap between the core clinical characteristics of autism and the symptoms of anxiety can render standardised clinical tools invalid (Kerns et al., 2015; Wood & Gadow, 2010), which may furthermore not be sensitive to autism-specific expressions of anxiety (Kerns et al., 2014).”
BackgroundAutism Spectrum Traits in Children with Anxiety Disorders
van Steensel, F. J. A., Bögels, S. M., & Wood, J. J. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1575-z · Cited by 64
“…disorders may include preoccupations and repetitive behaviors (e.g., obsessions and compulsions), avoidance of (social) situations, and speech problems (e.g., dysfluency), which are also commonly seen in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) (Hartley and Sikora 2009; Wood and Gadow 2010).”
Self-citationDifferential diagnosis and comorbidity: distinguishing autism from other mental health issues
Matson, J. L., & Williams, L. W. (2013) · Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.2217/npy.13.1 · Cited by 67
Clinical characteristics of high-functioning youth with autism spectrum disorder and anxiety
Ung, D., Wood, J. J., Ehrenreich, J. T., Arnold, E. B., Fujii, C., Renno, P., Murphy, T. K., Lewin, A. B., Mutch, P. J., & Storch, E. A. (2013) · Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.2217/npy.13.9 · Cited by 64
Self-citationClarke, C., Hill, V., & Charman, T. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2801-x · Cited by 59
“Wood and Gadow (2010) highlight the difficulty assessments have at separating autism and anxiety, with some autism symptoms (such as a reluctance to engage or withdrawal from social interactions) being reflected in anxiety questionnaires, which may conflate the comorbidity of anxiety in children…”
BackgroundSchiltz, H. K., Magnus, B. E., McVey, A. J., Haendel, A. D., Dolan, B. K., Stanley, R. E., Willar, K. S., Pleiss, S. S., Carson, A. M., Carlson, M., et al. (2019) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191119851563 · Cited by 59
Metadata
- Authors
- Wood, J. J., & Gadow, K. D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Stony Brook University (US)
- ORCID
- Wood, Jeffrey J.
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
- Published
- 2010-12
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 281-292
- ISSN
- 0969-5893 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-2850
- OpenAlex
- W1528335495
- Cited by
- 407
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 10.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Science and Practice (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, anxiety disorders, youth, disease classification, pathogenesis, social rejection, stress, social skills deficits, repetitive behavior, symptom severity, moderation
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