Cited by 408Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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Exploring the nature and function of anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorders.

Wood, Jeffrey J., Gadow, Kenneth D.·2010·Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice

DOI 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2010.01220.x

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Abstract

[Clin Psychol Sci Prac 17: 281–292, 2010] This article considers the nosology and pathogenesis of anxiety disorders in youth with autism. The comparability of anxiety in the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) population in relation to the typically developing population has been suggested by some recent findings, but conceptual and empirical ambiguities remain. It is suggested that anxiety may play at least three roles: (a) a downstream consequence of ASD symptoms (e.g., via stress generation through social rejection); (b) a moderator of ASD symptom severity, such that certain core autism symptoms like social skill deficits and repetitive behaviors may be exacerbated by anxiety; and (c) as a proxy of core ASD symptoms. Suggestions for clarifying the nature and function of anxiety in autism are made.

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A transdiagnostic model of psychiatric symptom co‐occurrence and autism spectrum disorder
Rodriguez-Seijas, C. A., Gadow, K. D., Rosen, T. E., hyunsik, K., Lerner, M. D., & Eaton, N. R. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2228 · Cited by 27
“…2019 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/aur.2228 © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. INSAR Autism Research 13: 579–590, 2020 579 conceptualized as being ASD-specific [Gadow et al., 2005; Kerns & Kendall, 2012; Wood & Gadow, 2010].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Improving Social Anxiety and Social Responsiveness in Autism Spectrum Disorder through PEERS®
Factor, R. S., Moody, C. T., Sung, K. Y., & Laugeson, E. A. (2022) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2021.2013138 · Cited by 32
“Further, high anxiety levels have been posited as both a moderator of autistic symptom severity and a byproduct of autism-related symptoms (Wood & Gadow, 2010).”
Background
The possibility and importance of immersive technologies during COVID-19 for autistic people
Newbutt, N. A., Schmidt, M., Riva, G., & Schmidt, C. T. (2020) · Journal of Enabling Technologies · doi:10.1108/jet-07-2020-0028 · Cited by 28
Assessment and Treatment of Anxiety in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in School Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Perihan, C., Biçer, A., & Bocanegra, J. O. (2021) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-021-09461-7 · Cited by 28
Social Worries and Difficulties: Autism and/or Social Anxiety Disorder?
White, S. W., Schry, A. R., & Kreiser, N. L. (2014) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-06796-4_9 · Cited by 30
Therapist Perspectives on Training in a Package of Evidence-Based Practice Strategies for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders Served in Community Mental Health Clinics
Drahota, A., Stadnick, N. A., & Brookman-Frazee, L. I. (2012) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-012-0441-9 · Cited by 29
“This is not surprising given the high prevalence of co-occurring challenging behaviors for children with ASD (Matson et al. 2009, 2010) and the association between challenging behaviors and presentation of other psychiatric conditions (Wood and Gadow 2010; Kim et al. 2000).”
The Relationship between Anxiety and the Social Judgements of Approachability And Trustworthiness
Willis, M. L., Dodd, H. F., & Palermo, R. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076825 · Cited by 29
“This is particularly important for studies involving special populations who often display atypical levels of trait anxiety [17,18,19].”
Cost-effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy versus treatment as usual for anxiety disorders in children with autism spectrum disorder
van Steensel, F. J. A., Dirksen, C. D., & Bögels, S. M. (2013) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2013.11.001 · Cited by 27
I Have a Fear of Negative Evaluation, Get Me Out of Here! Examining Latent Constructs of Social Anxiety and Autistic Traits in Neurotypical and Autistic Young People
Lei, J., & Russell, A. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04657-3 · Cited by 35
“Wood and Gadow (2010) 1 3 described that a “true” comorbidity only occurs when the presentation of a condition (such as social anxiety) alongside autism or other developmental conditions is phenotypically identical to the same condition found in neurotypical peers.”
Background
Diagnóstico diferencial entre el trastorno obsesivo compulsivo y los patrones de comportamiento, actividades e intereses restringidos y repetitivos en los trastornos del espectro autista
Paula-Pérez, I. (2012) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental · doi:10.1016/j.rpsm.2012.07.005 · Cited by 39
Asperger’s syndrome: diagnosis, comorbidity and therapy
Tarazi, F. I., Sahli, Z. T., Pleskow, J., & Mousa, S. A. (2015) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.2015.1009898 · Cited by 29
“AS-associated anxiety is also believed to be caused by the inability to accept changes in daily routines, to transition from one activity to another, to accept redirection away from perseverative behaviors, or to tolerate environmental stimuli such as particular sounds [39,40].”
Background
Anxiety in Asperger’s syndrome: Assessment in real time
Hare, D. J., Wood, C. S., Wastell, S., & Skirrow, P. M. (2014) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361314531340 · Cited by 28
Depression in Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Role Of ASD Vulnerabilities and Family–Environmental Stressors
Fung, S., Lunsky, Y., & Weiss, J. A. (2015) · Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1080/19315864.2015.1017892 · Cited by 25
Brief Report: Social Anxiety in Autism Spectrum Disorder is Based on Deficits in Social Competence
Espelöer, J., Hellmich, M., Vogeley, K. T., & Falter‐Wagner, C. M. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04529-w · Cited by 29
Social Anhedonia in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Psychiatry Referrals
Gadow, K. D., & Garman, H. D. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2018.1514611 · Cited by 25
“…1990), and the symptoms of other disorders and their clinical correlates may contribute to SA, notably social anxiety (Kerns & Kendall, 2012; White, Oswald, Ollendick, & Scahill, 2009; Wood & Gadow, 2010), which is characterized by fear of social humiliation owing to concerns about competence.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Training Paraprofessionals to Target Socialization in Students With ASD
Kim, S. W., Koegel, R. L., & Koegel, L. K. (2016) · Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions · doi:10.1177/1098300716669813 · Cited by 24
“For example, research suggests that students with ASD are at a higher risk for developing depressive symptoms (Stewart, Barnard, Pearson, Hasan, & O’Brien, 2006; Strang et al., 2012) and social anxiety (Simonoff et al., 2008; Wood & Gadow, 2010).”
Background
Assessment of Anxiety in Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Moskowitz, L. J., Rosen, T. E., Lerner, M. D., & Levine, K. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805122-1.00005-3 · Cited by 24
Internalizing Mental Health Issues in Individuals with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Implications for Practitioners
Baraskewich, J., & McMorris, C. A. (2019) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-019-0154-9 · Cited by 25
The influence of gender, age, Psychological resilience and family interaction factors upon anxiety and depression in non-autism spectrum disorder siblings of children with an autism spectrum disorder
Bitsika, V., Sharpley, C. F., & Mailli, R. (2014) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069885.2014.950944 · Cited by 23
“…siblings of children with an ASD also report greater frequency of feeling lonely than NASD siblings of children with an intellectual disability (Wood & Gadow, 2010), it is not surprising that NASD siblings of a child with an ASD also report greater problems with psychological adjustment than…”
Background
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in youth with an autism spectrum disorder: A follow-up study
Selles, R. R., Arnold, E. B., Phares, V., Lewin, A. B., Murphy, T. K., & Storch, E. A. (2014) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361314537912 · Cited by 25
“While individuals with ASD experience comparable anxiety severity to neurotypical youth (Russell and Sofronoff, 2005), the extent to which the youth’s ASD diagnosis and anxiety symptoms are related varies (Wood and Gadow, 2010).”
Background
Anxiety in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Clinical Characteristics and the Role of the Family
Guerrera, S., Pontillo, M., Tata, M. C., Vincenzo, C. D., Bellantoni, D., Napoli, E., Valeri, G., & Vicari, S. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12121597 · Cited by 26
Complex Psychiatric Comorbidity of Treatment-Seeking Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Anxiety Symptoms
Hepburn, S., Stern, J. A., Blakeley‐Smith, A., Kimel, L. K., & Reaven, J. A. (2014) · Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1080/19315864.2014.932476 · Cited by 27
“Definitions of specific forms of anxiety, attention, and mood disorders can overlap with the diagnostic criteria or associated features of ASD (e.g., Wood & Gadow, 2010) and contribute to “diagnostic overshadowing” (Reiss & Szyszko, 1983), a tendency for mental health symptoms to be attributed to a…”
Background
Continuity and Change in, and Child Predictors of, Caregiver Reported Anxiety Symptoms in Young People with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Follow-Up Study
Teh, E. J., Chan, D. M.-E., Tan, G. K. J., & Magiati, I. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3136-y · Cited by 26
“To explore the direction of relationships between ASD symptomatology and anxiety over time; we predicted bi-directional effects between ASD repetitive speech/ behaviors and anxiety (Rodgers et al. 2012; Ozsivadjian et al. 2012; Wood and Gadow 2010); and similarly between ASD social/communication symptoms and anxiety;…”
BackgroundInfluential
Atypical Emotional Electrodermal Activity in Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Vernetti, A., Shic, F., Boccanfuso, L., Macari, S., Kane‐Grade, F., Milgramm, A., Hilton, E., Heymann, P., Goodwin, M. S., & Chawarska, K. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2374 · Cited by 20
“…considerable continuity from the second to fourth years of life [Macari et al., 2017], and may forecast emergence of internalizing and externalizing mental health problems [Gadow, DeVincent, & Schneider, 2008; Leyfer et al., 2006; Salazar et al., 2015; Simonoff et al., 2008; Wood & Gadow, 2010].”
Background
A conceptual model of risk and protective factors associated with internalizing symptoms in autism spectrum disorder: A scoping review, synthesis, and call for more research
Yarger, H. A., & Redcay, E. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457942000084x · Cited by 23
“…mechanisms by which internalizing symptoms develop and are maintained in children with ASD (McVey, 2019; Herrington, Parma, & Miller, 2017; Vasa & Mazurek, 2015) with some advances in this area (e.g., Bellini, 2006; Burrows, Timpano, & Uddin, 2017; Kerns & Kendall, 2012; Wood & Gadow, 2010).”
Influential
Autistic traits predict social avoidance and distress: The chain mediating role of perceived stress and interpersonal alienation
Li, X., Shen, H., Kong, H., & Xie, J. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12946 · Cited by 24
Autism and Anxiety: Etiologic Factors and Transdiagnostic Processes
Mazefsky, C. A., & Herrington, J. D. (2014) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-06796-4_7 · Cited by 22
Fear-Potentiated Startle Response Is Unrelated to Social or Emotional Functioning in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Sterling, L., Munson, J., Estes, A., Murias, M., Webb, S. J., King, B., & Dawson, G. (2013) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1289 · Cited by 22
“Anxiety may intensify core ASD symptoms, underscoring its clinical impact [Wood & Gadow, 2010].”
Background
Differential Item Functioning Based on Autism Features, IQ, and Age on the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders ( SCARED ) Among Youth on the Autism Spectrum
Schiltz, H. K., & Magnus, B. E. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2481 · Cited by 20
“…Ollendick, & Scarpa, 2017; McVey et al., 2018; Spain et al., 2018] and may be due to a combination of autism-related stressors including peer rejection, unsuccessful social interactions, adverse sensory experiences, or punishment due to repetitive behaviors [Bellini, 2006; Wood & Gadow, 2010].”
Background
Longitudinal follow-up of subsequent psychiatric comorbidities among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder
Yeh, T., Chen, M., Bai, Y., Tsai, S., Hsu, J.-W., Huang, K., Su, T., Chen, T., & Liang, C. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.042 · Cited by 25
A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Korean Version of the Program for the Education and Enrichment of Relational Skills for Young Adults (PEERS®-YA-K) With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Pilot Study
Oh, M., Laugeson, E. A., Kim, J., Lee, K., Kim, J. A., Lee, S., Lim, B., Cha, S., Bong, G., Yoon, N., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.730448 · Cited by 19
Differences in social brain function in autism spectrum disorder are linked to the serotonin transporter: A randomised placebo-controlled single-dose crossover trial
Wong, N. M. L., Dipasquale, O., Turkheimer, F., Findon, J. L., Wichers, R., Dimitrov, M., Murphy, C. M., Stoencheva, V., Robertson, D., Murphy, D., et al. (2022) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811221092509 · Cited by 18
“, 2021), and/ or is a secondary consequence of living with social (and other) difficulties (Day et al., 2020; Oakley et al., 2020; Wood and Gadow, 2010).”
Background
Pilot Randomized Control Trial of an App-Based CBT Program for Reducing Anxiety in Individuals with ASD without Intellectual Disability
Yang, Y. J., & Chung, K. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05617-9 · Cited by 21
“Consequently, some individuals with ASD without ID experience bullying, limited job opportunities, and social isolation (Wood & Gadow, 2010), while others are diagnosed with different mental disorders, the most common of which is anxiety disorder (De Bruin et al., 2007; Simonoff et al., 2008).”
Background
Prevalence and Phenomenology of Anxiety in Preschool-Aged Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Chan, N., Fenning, R. M., & Neece, C. L. (2022) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-022-00964-8 · Cited by 20
Adolescence internalizing problems as a mediator between autism diagnosis in childhood and quality of life in emerging adults with and without autism: a 10-year longitudinal study
Andersen, P. N., Orm, S., Fossum, I. N., Øie, M. G., & Skogli, E. W. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04635-w · Cited by 19
“Thus, it could be that internalizing problems have an externalizing expression in individuals with autism[31, 34] and, consequently, it could be that internalizing problems mediate the relationship between autism and externalizing problems.”
Background
What Causes Internalising Traits and Autistic Traits to Co-occur in Adolescence? A Community-Based Twin Study
Scherff, A. D., Taylor, M. J., Eley, T. C., Happe, F. G. E., Charman, T., & Ronald, A. (2013) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9796-y · Cited by 19
The association between autistic traits and excessive smartphone use in Chinese college students: The chain mediating roles of social interaction anxiety and loneliness
Lu, M., Pang, F., Wang, R., Liu, Y., & Peng, T. (2022) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104369 · Cited by 21
Investigating the relationship between autistic traits and symptoms and Catatonia Spectrum
Dell’Osso, L., Amatori, G., Massimetti, G., Nardi, B., Gravina, D., Benedetti, F., Bonelli, C., Luciano, M., Berardelli, I., Brondino, N., et al. (2022) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2334 · Cited by 18
“Finally, it has been proposed that the core symptoms of ASD may lead to chronic exposure to daily ASD-related stressors from sensory sensitivity and aversions [45, 46].”
Background
Effects of the Co‐occurrence of Anxiety and Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder on Intrinsic Functional Network Centrality among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Wan, B., Wang, Z., Jung, M., Lu, Y., He, H., Chen, Q., & Yu, J. Z. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2120 · Cited by 18
“Furthermore, high levels of anxiety have been posited to exacerbate ASD symptom severity [Factor, Ryan, Farley, Ollendick, & Scarpa, 2017; Wood & Gadow, 2010].”
Background
Characterising the relationship between theory of mind and anxiety in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and typically developing children
Lei, J., & Ventola, P. E. (2018) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2018.01.005 · Cited by 26
“Elevated anxiety has been associated with greater externalising behaviours (White, Oswald, Ollendick, & Scahill, 2009b), as well as social impairments such as reduced social responsiveness (Sukhodolsky et al., 2008) and greater social maladjustment (Bellini, 2004; Wood & Gadow, 2010).”
Background
Anxiety and Depression from Adolescence to Old Age in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Uljarević, M., Hedley, D., Cai, R. Y., Hardan, A. Y., & South, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102432-1 · Cited by 17
Autism, Adverse Events, and Trauma
Buuren, E. L.-V., Hoekert, M., & Sizoo, B. B. (2021) · Exon Publications eBooks · doi:10.36255/exonpublications.autismspectrumdisorders.2021.trauma · Cited by 17
Parent Emotion Socialization in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-Occurring Anxiety
Jordan, R. P., Kalvin, C. B., Ibrahim, K., & Sukhodolsky, D. G. (2020) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00731-7 · Cited by 17
“For example, limitations in emotional awareness and deficits in social communication may hinder the ability of children on the spectrum to engage in conversations about their emotions (Wood and Gadow 2010).”
Background

Authors: Wood, J. J., & Gadow, K. D.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Stony Brook University (US)
ORCID: Wood, Jeffrey J.
Venue: Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2010-12
Volume: 17
Issue: 4
Pages: 281-292
ISSN: 0969-5893 (ISSN-L)
1468-2850
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2010.01220.x
OpenAlex: W1528335495
Cited by: 407
References: 72
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 10.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm, 1735 d)
Locations: Clinical Psychology Science and Practice (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, anxiety disorders, youth, disease classification, pathogenesis, social rejection, stress, social skills deficits, repetitive behavior, symptom severity, moderation

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Exploring the nature and function of anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorders.

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