Landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns and processes ‐ eight hypotheses
Open accessAbstract
Understanding how landscape characteristics affect biodiversity patterns and ecological processes at local and landscape scales is critical for mitigating effects of global environmental change. In this review, we use knowledge gained from human‐modified landscapes to suggest eight hypotheses, which we hope will encourage more systematic research on the role of landscape composition and configuration in determining the structure of ecological communities, ecosystem functioning and services. We organize the eight hypotheses under four overarching themes. Section A: ‘landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns' includes (1) the landscape species pool hypothesis—the size of the landscape‐wide species pool moderates local (alpha) biodiversity, and (2) the dominance of beta diversity hypothesis—landscape‐moderated dissimilarity of local communities determines landscape‐wide biodiversity and overrides negative local effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Section B: ‘landscape moderation of population dynamics' includes (3) the cross‐habitat spillover hypothesis—landscape‐moderated spillover of energy, resources and organisms across habitats, including between managed and natural ecosystems, influences landscape‐wide community structure and associated processes and (4) the landscape‐moderated concentration and dilution hypothesis—spatial and temporal changes in landscape composition can cause transient concentration or dilution of populations with functional consequences. Section C: ‘landscape moderation of functional trait selection’ includes (5) the landscape‐moderated functional trait selection hypothesis—landscape moderation of species trait selection shapes the functional role and trajectory of community assembly, and (6) the landscape‐moderated insurance hypothesis—landscape complexity provides spatial and temporal insurance, i.e. high resilience and stability of ecological processes in changing environments. Section D: ‘landscape constraints on conservation management' includes (7) the intermediate landscape‐complexity hypothesis—landscape‐moderated effectiveness of local conservation management is highest in structurally simple, rather than in cleared (i.e. extremely simplified) or in complex landscapes, and (8) the landscape‐moderated biodiversity versus ecosystem service management hypothesis—landscape‐moderated biodiversity conservation to optimize functional diversity and related ecosystem services will not protect endangered species. Shifting our research focus from local to landscape‐moderated effects on biodiversity will be critical to developing solutions for future biodiversity and ecosystem service management.
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Landscape simplification has been hypothesized to strongly influence local patterns of species richness and abundance because of a reduced capacity to support a large species-pool and the lack of opportunity for spill-over between complementary resources.
“Landscape simplification has been hypothesized to strongly influence local patterns of species richness and abundance because of a reduced capacity to support a large species-pool and the lack of opportunity for spill-over between complementary resources17.”
From Landscape simplification filters species traits and drives biotic homogenization (2015) · cites this paper as [17]
These findings appear to support the landscape-moderated insurance hypothesis, as landscape compositional heterogeneity provides insurance (resilience and stability) of functional traits in the face of intense management.
“These findings appear to support the landscape-moderated insurance hypothesis17, as landscape compositional heterogeneity provides insurance (resilience and stability) of functional traits in the face of intense management.”
From Landscape simplification filters species traits and drives biotic homogenization (2015) · cites this paper as [17]
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Cited by
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Kennedy, C. M., Lonsdorf, E., Neel, M. C., Williams, N. M., Ricketts, T. H., Winfree, R., Bommarco, R., Brittain, C., Burley, A. L., Cariveau, D., et al. (2013) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.12082 · Cited by 1,255 · see citing works
Self-citationDesigning agricultural landscapes for biodiversity-based ecosystem services
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Gámez-Virués, S., Perović, D. J., Gossner, M. M., Börschig, C., Blüthgen, N., de Jong, H., Simons, N. K., Klein, A.-M., Krauss, J., Maier, G., et al. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms9568 · Cited by 666 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Tscharntke, T., Tylianakis, J. M., Rand, T. A., Didham, R. K., Fahrig, L., Batáry, P., Bengtsson, J., Clough, Y., Crist, T. O., Dormann, C. F., Ewers, R. M., Fründ, J., Holt, R. D., Holzschuh, A., Klein, A. M., Kleijn, D., Kremen, C., Landis, D. A., Laurance, W., Lindenmayer, D., Scherber, C., Sodhi, N., Steffan‐Dewenter, I., Thies, C., van der Putten, W. H., & Westphal, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Göttingen (DE)
- University of Canterbury (NZ)
- Agricultural Research Service (US)
- Carleton University (CA)
- Eötvös Loránd University (HU)
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SE)
- Miami University (US)
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (DE)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- University of Florida (US)
- University of Würzburg (DE)
- Leuphana University of Lüneburg (DE)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (US)
- James Cook University (AU)
- Australian National University (AU)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Tscharntke, Teja
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biological Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-01-24
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 661-685
- ISSN
- 0006-3231 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-7931
- 1469-185X
- OpenAlex
- W2167094923
- Cited by
- 2,134
- References
- 343
- Citations by year
- 2026: 154 · 2025: 159 · 2024: 176 · 2023: 165 · 2022: 172 · 2021: 191 · 2020: 173 · 2019: 196 · 2018: 147 · 2017: 157 · 2016: 150 · 2015: 121 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 7.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.wur.nl
- Locations
- Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- KNAW Research Portal (The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- ResearchOnline - JCU (James Cook University) (submittedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- GRO (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Multilingual Matters (Channel View Publications) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (244090-STEP-CP-FP)
- U.S. Department of Energy
- University of Florida Foundation
- European Commission (244090)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
- Magyar Tudományos Akadémia
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Marsden Fund (UOC‐0802)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Ecosystem dynamics and resilience
- Keywords
- landscape composition, landscape configuration, beta diversity, habitat fragmentation, community assembly, insurance hypothesis, ecosystem resilience, intermediate disturbance hypothesis, anthropogenic landscapes, functional diversity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Conservation of Natural Resources, Environmental Monitoring, Plants, Ecosystem, Biodiversity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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