Cited by 545Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchChild and Animal Learning DevelopmentVisual Attention and Saliency Detection

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Impaired disengagement of attention in young children with autism

Landry, Reginald, Bryson, Susan E.·2004·Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry

DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00304.x

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Abstract

Background: The present study examined the disengage and shift operations of visual attention in young children with autism. Methods: For this purpose, we used a simple visual orienting task that is thought to engage attention automatically. Once attention was first engaged on a central fixation stimulus, a second stimulus was presented on either side, either simultaneously or successively. Latency to begin an eye movement to the peripheral stimulus served as the main dependent measure. The two stimulus conditions (simultaneous and successive) provided independent measures of disengaging and shifting attention, respectively. Performance of children with autism was compared to that of children with Down syndrome and a normal group. Results: The main finding was that relative to both comparison groups, children with autism had marked difficulty in disengaging attention. Indeed, on 20% of trials they remained fixated on the first of two competing stimuli for the entire 8‐second trial duration. Evidence is also provided for a more subtle problem in executing rapid shifts of attention. Conclusions: Our findings on disengagement in autism parallel those reported in normal 2‐month‐olds, in whom attention has been described as ‘obligatory’. Discussion focuses on the potential role of general versus domain‐specific processes in producing some of the core features of autism.

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Background
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Result
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“1) [23, 35, 40, 81, 88, 89], whereas other studies compared the latencies monitored in the Gap task relative to those in the Step condition [22, 52, 65, 94].”
Influential
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BackgroundMethod
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Background
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Background
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Bedford, R., Leno, V. C., Wright, N., Bluett‐Duncan, M., Smith, T. J., Anzures, G., Pickles, A. R., Sharp, H. M., & Hill, J. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2020.1833338 · Cited by 24
“…relaxed viewing position for the eyes, it controls for differences in disengaging and shifting attention from an offset location, something known to be atypical in autism (Landry & Bryson, 2004) and central fixation and stimulus presentation is commonly used in ER tasks (e.g., Akechi et al., 2009).”
Brief Report: Broad Autism Phenotype in Adults is Associated with Performance on an Eye-Tracking Measure of Joint Attention
Swanson, M. R., & Siller, M. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1901-0 · Cited by 19
“(2) Compared to participants with low BAP features, participants with high BAP features gaze more at the Face AOI due to underlying difficulties disengaging from a central stimulus (i.e., the models’ face; Landry and Bryson 2004).”
Reaction Time of Children with and without Autistic Spectrum Disorders
Baisch, B., Cai, S., Li, Z., & Pinheiro, V. (2017) · Open Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.4236/ojmp.2017.62014 · Cited by 18
Atypical visual orienting to eye gaze and arrow cues in children with high functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder
Stauder, J. E. A., Bosch, C. P. A., & Nuij, H. A. M. (2010) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2010.08.008 · Cited by 17
Exogenous Visual Orienting Is Associated with Specific Neurotransmitter Genetic Markers: A Population-Based Genetic Association Study
Lundwall, R. A., Guo, D., & Dannemiller, J. L. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030731 · Cited by 17
“Visual orienting is impaired in many heritable disorders including Alzheimer's disease, autism, and schizophrenia”
Background
Auditory preference of children with autism spectrum disorders
Gilbertson, L. R., Lutfi, R. A., & Weismer, S. E. (2016) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-016-0787-0 · Cited by 18
“Second, one of the ‘red flag’ signs of a child with ASD is a failure to respond or orient to speech (Landry 2004).”
Background
A role for hippocampal adult neurogenesis in shifting attention toward novel stimuli
Weeden, C. S. S., Mercurio, J. C., & Cameron, H. A. (2019) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112152 · Cited by 18
“One study [54] found that children with an ASD diagnosis showed longer latencies to attend to a new visual stimulus if an earlier one remained, in some trials failing to look at the second stimulus for the entire 8-second trial.”
Background
Callous-unemotional traits in youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD): replication of prevalence estimates and associations with gaze patterns when viewing fearful faces
Leno, V. C., Bedford, R., Chandler, S., White, P., Yorke, I., Charman, T., Pickles, A. R., & Simonoff, E. A. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420000449 · Cited by 17
“One explanation is that individuals with ASD are known to have difficulties disengaging visual attention once it has been captured (Landry & Bryson, 2004).”
Eye movement dynamics and cognitive self-organization in typical and atypical development
Mirman, D., IRWIN, J. R., & Kelty‐Stephen, D. G. (2011) · Cognitive Neurodynamics · doi:10.1007/s11571-011-9180-y · Cited by 17
“Recent studies examining basic oculomotor functioning in ASD have found mixed results, with some studies reporting differences between ASD and TD children and others failing to find such differences (Johnson et al. 2005; Brenner et al. 2007; Landry and Bryson 2004).”
Result
How Stimulus and Task Complexity Affect Monitoring in High-Functioning Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Koolen, S., Vissers, C., Egger, J. I. M., & Verhoeven, L. T. W. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2119-5 · Cited by 19
Referential gaze and word learning in adults with autism
Aldaqre, I., Paulus, M., & Sodian, B. (2014) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361314556784 · Cited by 19
“However, individuals with ASD were described to have problems in disengaging their attention from an object (Landry and Bryson, 2004) and in inhibiting distractors (Adams and Jarrold, 2012).”
Background
The Relationship Between Attention, Sensory Processing, and Social Responsiveness Among Adults on the Autism Spectrum
Crasta, J. E., Green, O. J., Gavin, W. J., & Davies, P. L. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-06019-1 · Cited by 20
“…networks in children on the autism spectrum and the decreased ability to modulate alertness to stimuli have been linked to greater challenges in social-communicative skills (Keehn et al., 2010; Landry & Bryson, 2004), including joint attention (Mundy, 2017) and language (Bottema-Beutel, 2016).”
Delayed disengagement of attention from snakes in children with autism
Isomura, T., Ogawa, S., Shibasaki, M., & Masataka, N. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00241 · Cited by 16
The OXTR gene, implicit learning and social processing: Does empathy evolve from perceptual skills for details?
Melchers, M., Montag, C., Markett, S. A., Niazy, N., Groß-Bölting, J., Zimmermann, J., & Reuter, M. (2017) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.04.036 · Cited by 17
Social Interest in High-Functioning Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Fletcher‐Watson, S., Leekam, S., & Findlay, J. M. (2013) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1088357613480829 · Cited by 16
“The importance of investigating interest in ASD has been highlighted by recent research showing that findings of poor disengagement in children with ASD (Landry & Bryson, 2004) may be explained by differences in the degree to which participants found the stimuli used interesting.”
Background
Computational model of excitatory/inhibitory ratio imbalance role in attention deficit disorders
Bakhtiari, R., Sephavand, N. M., Ahmadabadi, M. N., Araabi, B. N., & Esteky, H. (2012) · Journal of Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s10827-012-0391-y · Cited by 17
“attention” (Landry and Bryson 2004; Rinehart et al. 2001; Swettenham et al. 1998; Belmonte 2000).”
Background
No evidence of atypical attentional disengagement in autism: A study across the spectrum
Wilson, C., & Saldaña, D. (2018) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361318768025 · Cited by 16
ASD in Infants and Toddlers
Chawarska, K., Macari, S. L., Volkmar, F. R., Kim, S. H., & Shic, F. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118911389.hautc05 · Cited by 16
Computer vision tools for the non-invasive assessment of autism-related behavioral markersPreprint
Hashemi, J., Spina, T. V., Tepper, M., Esler, A., Morellas, V., Papanikolopoulos, N. P., & Sapiro, G. (2012) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1210.7014 · Cited by 16
“Keywords and phrases: Autism, Behavioral Markers, Infants and Toddlers, Computer Vision, Visual Attention, Human Pose Estimation.”
BackgroundInfluential
Response to Smith’s Letter to the Editor ‘Emotional Empathy in Autism Spectrum Conditions: Weak, Intact, or Heightened?’
Minio-Paluello, I., Lombardo, M. V., Chakrabarti, B., Wheelwright, S. J., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0800-x · Cited by 19
“2008) and is impaired in young children with autism (Landry and Bryson 2004).”
Background
The Economics of AttentionPreprint
Loewenstein, G. F., & Wojtowicz, Z. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4368304 · Cited by 16
Self-regulation is bi-directionally associated with cognitive development in children with autism
Nuske, H. J., Pellecchia, M., Kane, C., Seidman, M., Maddox, B. B., Freeman, L. M., Rump, K. M., Reisinger, E. M., Xie, M., & Mandell, D. S. (2020) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101139 · Cited by 20
Emotional vs. Neutral Face Exploration and Habituation: An Eye-Tracking Study of Preschoolers With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Bochet, A., Franchini, M., Kojovic, N., Glaser, B., & Schaer, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.568997 · Cited by 16
Understanding sensory regulation in typical and atypical development: The case of sensory seeking
Piccardi, E. S., & Gliga, T. (2022) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2022.101037 · Cited by 19
Neuronal correlates of attention and its disengagement in the superior colliculus of rat
Ngan, N. H., Matsumoto, J., Takamura, Y., Tran, A. H., Ono, T., & Nishijo, H. (2015) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2015.00009 · Cited by 15
“Several studies suggest deficits in disengagement of visual attention as a unique feature of autism in young children (Rodier, 2000; Landry and Bryson, 2004; Elsabbagh et al., 2009, 2013).”
No difference in cross-modal attention or sensory discrimination thresholds in autism and matched controls
Haigh, S. M., Heeger, D. J., Heller, L. M., Gupta, A., Dinstein, I., Minshew, N. J., & Behrmann, M. (2016) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2016.02.001 · Cited by 16
Annual Research Review: Infant development, autism, and ADHD - early pathways to emerging disorders
Johnson, M. H., Gliga, T., Jones, E. J. H., & Charman, T. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.2015.56.issue-3 · Cited by 15
Reduced engagement of visual attention in children with autism spectrum disorder
McLaughlin, C. S., Grosman, H. E., Guillory, S. B., Isenstein, E. L., Wilkinson, E., Trelles, M. D. P., Halpern, D. B., Siper, P. M., Kolevzon, A., Buxbaum, J. D., et al. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211010072 · Cited by 20
“…with ASD, yielding conflicting results as to whether children with ASD experience alterations in engagement and/or disengagement of visual attention (Goldberg et al., 2002; Landry & Bryson, 2004; Sabatos-DeVito et al., 2016; Schmitt et al., 2014; Todd et al., 2009; van der Geest et al., 2001).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Associations between environmental factors and adaptive skills of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities in educational settings
Yi, Y. J., & Ellis, N. (2023) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2023.100410 · Cited by 14
Developing a Toothbrushing Visual Pedagogy (TBVP) for Preschool Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Du, R. Y., Yang, W., Lam, P. P. Y., Yiu, C. K. Y., & McGrath, C. P. J. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-04946-5 · Cited by 14
Investigating attention in young adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) using change blindness and eye tracking
Hochhauser, M., Aran, A. A., & Grynszpan, O. (2021) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101771 · Cited by 14
Attentional allocation of autism spectrum disorder individuals: Searching for a Face-in-the-Crowd
Moore, D., Reidy, J. G., & Heavey, L. (2015) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361315573637 · Cited by 15
“It is surprising that the same attentional patterns have been found in this study for ASD and TD participants given the previously published evidence for disengagement difficulties exhibited by ASD (Landry and Bryson, 2004).”
Result
Differential attentional responding in caesarean versus vaginally delivered infants
Adler, S. A., & Wong-Kee-You, A. (2015) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-015-0969-3 · Cited by 14
“Landry and Bryson (2004), for example, found that autistics were significantly slower to disengage attention from a fixation location to shift to a cued location than were typical individuals, or even those with Down’s syndrome.”
Background
Attentional shifts between audition and vision in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Occelli, V., Esposito, G., Venuti, P., Arduino, G. M., & Zampini, M. (2013) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2012.12.003 · Cited by 14
“I love the cute caterpillar!” autistic children's production of internal state language across contexts and relations to Joint Attention and theory of mind
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A new virtual environment paradigm for high functioning autism intended to help attentional disengagement in a social context Bridging the gap between relevance theory and executive dysfunction
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Can Performance in Navon Letters among People with Autism be Affected by Saliency? Reexamination of the Literature
Baisa, A., Mevorach, C., & Shalev, L. (2018) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-018-0150-8 · Cited by 13
A behavioral economic theory of cue-induced attention- and task-switching with implications for neurodiversity
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Children With Autism Show Reduced Information Seeking When Learning New Tasks.
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Attentional Network Deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorders
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Attentional shifting and disengagement in Rett syndrome.
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Visuo-attentional correlates of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in children with Down syndrome: A comparative study with children with idiopathic ASD
Glennon, J. M., D’Souza, H., Mason, L., Karmiloff‐Smith, A., & Thomas, M. S. C. (2020) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103678 · Cited by 12
Severely Attenuated Visual Feedback Processing in Children on the Autism Spectrum
Knight, E. J., Freedman, E. G., Myers, E. J., Berruti, A. S., Oakes, L. A., Cao, C. Z., Molholm, S., & Foxe, J. J. (2023) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1192-22.2023 · Cited by 14
“…and ASD phenotypes is incompletely understood, impairments in selective attention and attentional disengagement within multiple sensory modalities have been described in ASD (Ciesielski et al., 1990; Landry and Bryson, 2004; Kawakubo et al., 2007; Keehn et al., 2013; Sacrey et al., 2014).”
Background

Authors: Landry, R., & Bryson, S. E.
Affiliations: Cape Breton Regional Hospital (CA)
Dalhousie University (CA)
Venue: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2004-07-19
Volume: 45
Issue: 6
Pages: 1115-1122
ISSN: 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
1469-7610
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00304.x
OpenAlex: W2115529264
Cited by: 545
References: 36
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 39
FWCI: 7.40
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P01 HD 35466, P01HD035466)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, attentional disengagement, attentional shift, visual attention, young children, Down syndrome, visual orienting, eye movement latency
MeSH terms: Attention, Autistic Disorder, Child, Child, Preschool, Down Syndrome, Female, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Male, Reaction Time, Temperament, Visual Perception, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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Impaired disengagement of attention in young children with autism

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