Cited by 545Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchChild and Animal Learning DevelopmentVisual Attention and Saliency Detection

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Impaired disengagement of attention in young children with autism

Landry, Reginald, Bryson, Susan E.·2004·Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry

DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00304.x

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Abstract

Background: The present study examined the disengage and shift operations of visual attention in young children with autism. Methods: For this purpose, we used a simple visual orienting task that is thought to engage attention automatically. Once attention was first engaged on a central fixation stimulus, a second stimulus was presented on either side, either simultaneously or successively. Latency to begin an eye movement to the peripheral stimulus served as the main dependent measure. The two stimulus conditions (simultaneous and successive) provided independent measures of disengaging and shifting attention, respectively. Performance of children with autism was compared to that of children with Down syndrome and a normal group. Results: The main finding was that relative to both comparison groups, children with autism had marked difficulty in disengaging attention. Indeed, on 20% of trials they remained fixated on the first of two competing stimuli for the entire 8‐second trial duration. Evidence is also provided for a more subtle problem in executing rapid shifts of attention. Conclusions: Our findings on disengagement in autism parallel those reported in normal 2‐month‐olds, in whom attention has been described as ‘obligatory’. Discussion focuses on the potential role of general versus domain‐specific processes in producing some of the core features of autism.

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Background
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Background
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“A delayed response is a risk sign of ASD [3].”
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Attentional processes in young children with congenital visual impairment
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Background
Eye Tracking Reveals Impaired Attentional Disengagement Associated with Sensory Response Patterns in Children with Autism
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BackgroundResultInfluential
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Background
Social and attention factors during infancy and the later emergence of autism characteristics
Elsabbagh, M., Holmboe, K., Gliga, T., Mercure, E., Hudry, K., Charman, T., Baron‐Cohen, S., Bolton, P., & Johnson, M. H. (2011) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53884-0.00025-7 · Cited by 61
“social-orienting deficits and executive dysfunction originate from early impairments in other systems critical for both domains, for example, those found in disengagement of visual attention (Landry and Bryson, 2004).”
Background
Endogenous Spatial Attention: Evidence for Intact Functioning in Adults With Autism
Grubb, M. A., Behrmann, M., Egan, R., Minshew, N. J., Carrasco, M., & Heeger, D. J. (2013) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1269 · Cited by 55
“In Experiment 3 (high spatial uncertainty), the spatial extent of the box was 5.56° ¥ 5.56°, and the gratings could appear at one of five predefined isoeccentric locations, each separated by eight angular degrees; the middle of these five possible locations was centered in the middle of the box.”
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Mutual Gaze During Early Mother–Infant Interactions Promotes Attention Control Development
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“impairments in disengaging and shifting attention in children with ASD [64,65].”
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A trans-diagnostic investigation of attention, hyper-focus, and monotropism in autism, attention dysregulation hyperactivity development, and the general population
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Social Phenotypes of Autism Spectrum Disorders and Williams Syndrome: Similarities and Differences
Asada, K., & Itakura, S. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00247 · Cited by 53
“There has been evidence on deficits with saccadic eye movement and attentional control both in ASD and WS (Goldberg et al., 2002; Brown et al., 2003; Landry and Bryson, 2004; Van der Geest et al., 2004).”
Background
Familiar Object Salience Affects Novel Word Learning
Pomper, R., & Saffran, J. R. (2018) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13053 · Cited by 56
“In addition, we measured children’s sticky visual attention using a visual disengagement task (Landry & Bryson, 2004; Venker, 2017a, 2017b).”
Method
Altering the trajectory of early postnatal cortical development can lead to structural and behavioural features of autism
Chomiak, T., Karnik, V., Block, E. W., & Hu, B. (2010) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/1471-2202-11-102 · Cited by 51
“Children with ASD also display behavioural impairments in attention engagement and disengagement, do poorly in emotional discrimination and facial recognition, and fail to response to their own names [2-6].”
Background
Attention Training in Autism as a Potential Approach to Improving Academic Performance: A School-Based Pilot Study
Spaniol, M. M., Shalev, L., Kossyvaki, L., & Mevorach, C. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3371-2 · Cited by 62
“Indeed, atypical disengagement of attention is documented in infants with ASD as early as the first year of life (Elsabbagh et al. 2009; Landry & Bryson 2004; Zwaigenbaum et al. 2005).”
Background
Emergence of Mirror Neurons in a Model of Gaze Following
Triesch, J., Jasso, H., & Deák, G. O. (2007) · Adaptive Behavior · doi:10.1177/1059712307078654 · Cited by 51
“In addition, delays in attention shifting have been observed experimentally (Casey, Gordon, Manheim, & Rumsey, 1993; Wainwright-Sharp & Bryson, 1993; Goldberg et al., 2002; Landry & Bryson, 2004 ).”
Method
The Bidirectional Social-Cognitive Mechanisms of the Social-Attention Symptoms of Autism
Mundy, P. C., & Bullen, J. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.752274 · Cited by 57
“It is also the case that young children with ASD also have difficulty with attention shifting and attention disengagement (277, 278), which could contribute to atypical social attention, or at least joint attention problems in ASD (278).”
Background
An Investigation of the Effects of CRA Instruction and Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Stroizer, S., Hinton, V. M., Flores, M. M., & Terry, L. (2015) · Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/215416471505000209 · Cited by 50
Eye-Hand Coordination in Children with High Functioning Autism and Asperger’s Disorder Using a Gap-Overlap Paradigm
Crippa, A., Forti, S., Perego, P., & Molteni, M. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1623-8 · Cited by 53
Autism spectrum disorder in infancy
Brian, J. A., Bryson, S. E., & Zwaigenbaum, L. (2015) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000000182 · Cited by 51
Self-citation
Early Motor Differences in Infants at Elevated Likelihood of Autism Spectrum Disorder and/or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
and the BASIS/STAARS Team, Ali, J. B., Charman, T., Johnson, M. H., & Jones, E. J. H. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04489-1 · Cited by 52
Do people with autistic spectrum disorder show normal selection for attention? Evidence from change blindness
Fletcher‐Watson, S., Leekam, S. R., Turner, M. A., & Moxon, L. (2006) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712606x114057 · Cited by 47
“This group difference, specifically in responding to marginal changes, may reflect a difficulty in disengaging attention from those central items initially selected for attention (Casey et al., 1993; Landry & Bryson, 2004) or shifting attention between items (Courchesne et al., 1994).”
Background
The Effect of Music Intervention on Attention in Children: Experimental Evidence
糟谷, 由., Zhao, S., & Toichi, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00757 · Cited by 76
Initiation of joint attention and related visual attention processes in infants with autism spectrum disorder: Literature review
Franchini, M., Armstrong, V. L., Schaer, M., & Smith, I. M. (2018) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2018.1490706 · Cited by 52
“Bryson and her colleagues first showed (using a computerized task) that disengagement of attention is impaired in adult individuals with ASD (Wainwright & Bryson, 1996), subsequently extending these results to children with ASD (Landry & Bryson, 2004) and to HR-sibs (Bryson et al., 2017).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Visual attention and temperament: Developmental data from the first 6 months of life
McConnell, B. A., & Bryson, S. E. (2005) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2005.09.002 · Cited by 47
Self-citation
Unimpaired attentional disengagement in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder
Fischer, J., Smith, H., Martinez‐Pedraza, F., Carter, A. S., Kanwisher, N., & Káldy, Z. (2015) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12386 · Cited by 47
“…et al., 2002; Kikuchi et al., 2011; Mosconi et al., 2009), but most studies reporting impaired disengagement simply failed to report the C-P timing (Elsabbagh et al., 2009, 2013; R. Landry & Bryson, 2004; Zwaigenbaum et al., 2005), leaving little basis for comparing C-P timing among studies.”
Shifting visual attention to social and non-social stimuli in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Mo, S., Liang, L., Bardikoff, N., & Sabbagh, M. A. (2019) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2019.05.006 · Cited by 46
Visual processing and infant ocular latencies in the overlap paradigm.
Blaga, O. M., & Colombo, J. A. (2006) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.6.1069 · Cited by 45
“The construct of disengagement has been investigated widely in the context of psychopathology or clinical populations (Braddick et al., 1992; Hood & Atkinson, 1990; Landry & Bryson, 2004; Mercuri et al., 1997; Wainwright-Sharp & Bryson, 1993).”
Background
The visual strategy specific to humans among hominids: A study using the gap–overlap paradigm
Kano, F., Hirata, S., Call, J., & Tomonaga, M. (2011) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2011.09.006 · Cited by 45
“Relatively consistent saccade latencies under the gap condition have also been observed among human infants at various developmental stages (Hood & Atkinson, 1993; Matsuzawa & Shimojo, 1997) and in autistic and typically developing children (Landry & Bryson, 2004).”
An event‐related source localization study of response monitoring and social impairments in autism spectrum disorder
Santesso, D. L., Drmic, I., Jetha, M. K., Bryson, S. E., Goldberg, J. O., Hall, G. B., Mathewson, K. J., Segalowitz, S. J., & Schmidt, L. A. (2010) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01056.x · Cited by 47
Self-citation
Functional Neuroanatomy and the Rationale for Using EEG Biofeedback for Clients with Asperger’s Syndrome
Thompson, L., Thompson, M. E., & Reid, A. (2009) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-009-9095-0 · Cited by 46
Cognitive Mechanisms Underlying Action Prediction in Children and Adults with Autism Spectrum Condition
Schuwerk, T., Sodian, B., & Paulus, M. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2899-x · Cited by 44
Automatic facial responses to affective stimuli in high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder
Mathersul, D. C., McDonald, S., & Rushby, J. A. (2012) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.10.008 · Cited by 54
Research Review: Crossing syndrome boundaries in the search for brain endophenotypes
Levy, Y., & Ebstein, R. P. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01986.x · Cited by 44
“For example, impaired speed of attention shifting was reported in children with WS (Lincoln, Lai, & Jones, 2002) and in high-functioning children with autism (Landry & Bryson, 2004), although not in children with Asperger syndrome (Rinehart, Bradshaw, Moss, Brereton, & Tonge, 2001).”
Background
Using head-mounted eye tracking to examine visual and manual exploration during naturalistic toy play in children with and without autism spectrum disorder
Yurkovic‐Harding, J., Lisandrelli, G., Shaffer, R. C., Dominick, K. C., Pedapati, E. V., Erickson, C. A., Kennedy, D. P., & Yu, C. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-81102-0 · Cited by 42
Brief Report: Parental Child-Directed Speech as a Predictor of Receptive Language in Children with Autism Symptomatology
Perryman, T., Carter, A. S., Messinger, D. S., Stone, W. L., Ivanescu, A. E., & Yoder, P. J. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1725-3 · Cited by 43
“Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have shown deficits in attention shifting (i.e., sticky attention; Landry and Bryson 2004; Zwaigenbaum et al. 2005) and attention-following when compared to their typically developing peers or peers with other developmental disorders (Adamson et al.…”
Background
No evidence for impaired multisensory integration of low-level audiovisual stimuli in adolescents and young adults with autism spectrum disorders
de Boer-Schellekens, L., Keetels, M., Eussen, M. L. J. M., & Vroomen, J. (2013) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.10.005 · Cited by 44
Links between looking and speaking in autism and first-degree relatives: insights into the expression of genetic liability to autism
Nayar, K., Gordon, P. C., Martin, G. E., Hogan, A. L., Valle, C. L., McKinney, W. S., Lee, M., Norton, E. S., & Losh, M. C. (2018) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0233-5 · Cited by 40
Prospective memory in autism: theory and literature review
Sheppard, D. P., Bruineberg, J. P., Kretschmer-Trendowicz, A., & Altgassen, M. (2018) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2018.1435823 · Cited by 44
“…Bryson, & Smith, 2008; Posner & Rothbart, 2000), processes which have also been shown as impaired in autism (e.g. problems with disengagement, Landry & Bryson, 2004) visual attention (Mann & Walker, 2003), joint attention (e.g. looking at or listening to people, Klin, Jones, Schultz, &…”
Species difference in the timing of gaze movement between chimpanzees and humans
Kano, F., & Tomonaga, M. (2011) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-011-0422-5 · Cited by 39
“Autistic children are also known to have difficulty in detaching their gaze from the fixated object compared with typically developing children (Landry and Bryson 2004).”
BackgroundResult
Reduced visual exploration when viewing photographic scenes in individuals with autism spectrum disorder.
Heaton, T., & Freeth, M. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000145 · Cited by 43
Reduced visual disengagement but intact phasic alerting in young children with autism
Kleberg, J. L., Thorup, E., & Falck‐Ytter, T. (2016) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1675 · Cited by 39
“…of slower disengagement in children with ASD [Goldberg et al., 2002; Kawakubo et al., 2007; Kawakubo, Maekawa, Itoh, Hashimoto, & Iwanami, 2004; Landry & Bryson, 2004], other studies have found no group differences [Fischer et al., 2013; 540 Kleberg et al./Visual disengagement and phasic…”
Result
Temperament in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A systematic review
Chetcuti, L., Uljarević, M., Ellis-Davies, K., Hardan, A. Y., Whitehouse, A., Hedley, D., Putnam, S. P., Hudry, K., & Prior, M. R. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101984 · Cited by 43
Recognition of Immaturity and Emotional Expressions in Blended Faces by Children with Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities
Gross, T. F. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0391-3 · Cited by 37
“Individuals with autism, however, are slow to process information and have difficulty shifting attention to different features or aspects of visual displays (Geurts, Verte ´, Oosterlaan, Roeyers, & Sergeant, 2004; Landry & Bryson, 2004; Ozonoff & Strayer, 1997).”
Background
Object interest in autism spectrum disorder: A treatment comparison
McDuffie, A. S., Lieberman, R. G., & Yoder, P. J. (2011) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361309360983 · Cited by 37
“Children with ASD also have been shown to face challenges in disengaging from their current focus of attention in order to shift attention to a peripheral stimulus (Landry and Bryson, 2004; Zwaigenbaum et al., 2005).”
A New Virtual Environment Paradigm for High-Functioning Autism Intended to Help Attentional Disengagement in a Social Context
Grynszpan, O., Nadel, J., Constant, J., Barillier, F. L., Carbonell, N., Simonin, J., Martin, J., & Courgeon, M. (2011) · Journal of Physical Therapy Education · doi:10.1097/00001416-201110000-00008 · Cited by 36
“Using a simple visual orientation paradigm, Landry and Bryson [20] examined the abilities of people with autism to disengage and transfer attention.”
BackgroundMethod
The social interactive behaviour of young children with autism spectrum disorder and their mothers
Meirsschaut, M., Roeyers, H., & Warreyn, P. (2010) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361309353911 · Cited by 38
“Demanding, directive utterances suggest an activity that is different from the child’s ongoing activity, and this shifting-in-attention has been proven difficult for children with ASD (Landry and Bryson, 2004).”
Background
Joint attention revisited: Finding strengths among children with autism
Hurwitz, S., & Watson, L. R. (2015) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361315593536 · Cited by 38
“One explanation for lower RJA rates might be related to another issue that children with ASD have: a difficulty disengaging their attention from whatever they are focused on and shifting it to something new (Landry and Bryson, 2004).”
Background
Investigating the relationship between fast mapping, retention, and generalisation of words in children with autism spectrum disorder and typical development
Hartley, C., Bird, L., & Padraic Monaghan, B. (2019) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2019.03.001 · Cited by 40
Longitudinal Differences in Response to Name Among Infants Developing ASD and Risk for ADHD
Hatch, B., Iosif, A., Chuang, A., de la Paz, L., Ozonoff, S. J., & Miller, M. R. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04369-8 · Cited by 40
“2009; Pauli-Pott and Becker 2011), and that attention regulation may be involved in response to name (Landry and Bryson 2004; Ljungberg et al. 2014; Parise et al. 2010), it is plausible that deficits responding to name during infancy may serve as an early marker for both ASD and ADHD.”
BackgroundInfluential
Attentional network deficits in children with autism spectrum disorder
Mutreja, R., Craig, C. M., & O’Boyle, M. W. (2015) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3109/17518423.2015.1017663 · Cited by 39
“Additional research indicates that individuals with ASD have significant orienting difficulties when performing cued target detection tasks [18] and have particular trouble disengaging their attention from a target, resulting in delayed orienting responses [19].”
Background
Enhanced long term microcircuit plasticity in the valproic acid animal model of autism
Testa-Silva, G. (2009) · Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.19.001.2009 · Cited by 39
“…(DSM-IV, 1994) in addition to severe cognitive alterations in the domains of perception (Bertone et al., 2003; Boddaert et al., 2004; Dakin and Frith, 2005), attention (Landry and Bryson, 2004; Noterdaeme et al., 2001; Rinehart et al., 2001) and memory (Ben Shalom, 2003; Bennetto et al., 1996).”

Authors: Landry, R., & Bryson, S. E.
Affiliations: Cape Breton Regional Hospital (CA)
Dalhousie University (CA)
Venue: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2004-07-19
Volume: 45
Issue: 6
Pages: 1115-1122
ISSN: 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
1469-7610
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00304.x
OpenAlex: W2115529264
Cited by: 545
References: 36
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 39
FWCI: 7.40
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P01 HD 35466, P01HD035466)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, attentional disengagement, attentional shift, visual attention, young children, Down syndrome, visual orienting, eye movement latency
MeSH terms: Attention, Autistic Disorder, Child, Child, Preschool, Down Syndrome, Female, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Male, Reaction Time, Temperament, Visual Perception, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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Impaired disengagement of attention in young children with autism

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