The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Psychiatric disorders in parents of children with autism: a meta-analysis
Abstract
Background: The genetic basis of autism has received great attention during the last few years. The psychiatric status of parents of persons with autism has been studied as part of the broad phenotype of autism. Methods: In the current study we examined all studies in which psychiatric difficulties of parents of children with autism were compared to those of parents of other children, as part of the broad phenotype of autism. Results: Overall, when parents of children with autism were compared to all other parents taken together, i.e., parents of typically developing children grouped together with parents of children with diagnoses other than autism, they were found to have more psychiatric difficulties, but this finding was inconsistent. Once type of comparison group (e.g., Down Syndrome, learning disabilities) and method of assessing psychiatric difficulties (e.g., self‐report, clinical measures) were taken into account, different findings were yielded for the various comparison groups and methods of assessing psychiatric difficulties in parents, suggesting that parents of children with autism present more psychiatric difficulties, mostly in comparisons involving samples of parents of children with no known genetic risk (e.g., Down Syndrome). Conclusions: These findings suggest that in future studies, researchers should carefully consider the advantages and disadvantages of various comparison groups and other characteristics, such as method of assessment, gender, and level of functioning, in attempting to delineate the specificity and universality of the broad phenotype of autism.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“two meta-analyses (52, 97) underlined the lack of studies with psychiatric diagnosis of parents before the birth of children with autism, suggesting that depression during pregnancy may be underestimated.”
From Gene × Environment Interactions in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Role of Epigenetic Mechanisms (2014) · cites this paper as [97]
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
&NA; (1988) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-198802020-00022 · Cited by 12,603
(1943) · The Nervous child · Cited by 8,870
Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., Pickles, A., & Rutter, M. (2000) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005592401947 · Cited by 7,520
Lord, C., Rutter, M., Goode, S., Heemsbergen, J., Jordan, H., Mawhood, L., & Schopler, E. (1989) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02211841 · Cited by 2,030
Lieblich, A., Tuval-Mashiach, R., & Zilber, T. (1998) · doi:10.4135/9781412985253 · Cited by 1,826
A case-control family history study of autism
Bolton, P., Macdonald, H., Pickles, A., Rios, P., Goode, S., Crowson, M., Bailey, A., & Rutter, M. (1994) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb02300.x · Cited by 1,094
Autism diagnostic interview: A standardized investigator-based instrument
Le Couteur, A., Rutter, M., Lord, C., Rios, P., Robertson, S., Holdgrafer, M., & McLennan, J. (1989) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02212936 · Cited by 1,036
Life of the mind: The interface of psychopharmaceuticals, domestic economies, and social abandonment
Biehl, J. G. (2004) · American Ethnologist · doi:10.1525/ae.2004.31.4.475 · Cited by 903
Depression in mothers and fathers of children with intellectual disability
Olsson, M. B., & Hwang, C. P. (2001) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2788.2001.00372.x · Cited by 829
Broader autism phenotype: evidence from a family history study of multiple-incidence autism families
(1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.2.185 · Cited by 777
Genetics of austim: complex aetiology for a heterogeneous disorder
Folstein, S. E., & Rosen-Sheidley, B. (2001) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/35103559 · Cited by 771
Siller, M., & Sigman, M. (2002) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1014884404276 · Cited by 644
Genes for schizophrenia? Recent findings and their pathophysiological implications
Harrison, P. J., & Owen, M. J. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12379-3 · Cited by 597
(1991) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511526770 · Cited by 591
Problems of nosology and psychodynamics of early infantile autism.
Kanner, L. (1949) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1949.tb05441.x · Cited by 533
The development of autism: Perspectives from theory and research.
Howlin, P. (2002) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.t01-9-00044 · Cited by 529
Localisation of a gene implicated in a severe speech and language disorder
Fisher, S. E., Vargha‐Khadem, F., Watkins, K. E., Monaco, A. P., & Pembrey, M. E. (1998) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0298-168 · Cited by 487
Autism: The Phenotype in Relatives
Bailey, A. J., Palferman, S., Heavey, L., & Couteur, A. S. L. (1998) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1026048320785 · Cited by 467
Vargha‐Khadem, F., Watkins, K. E., Alcock, K., Fletcher, P. J., & Passingham, R. E. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.3.930 · Cited by 439
GENETIC BASIS OF SPECIFIC LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT: EVIDENCE FROM A TWIN STUDY
Bishop, D., North, T., & Donlan, C. (1995) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1995.tb11932.x · Cited by 422
Dumas, J. E., Wolf, L. C., Fisman, S. N., & Culligan, A. (1991) · Exceptionality · doi:10.1080/09362839109524770 · Cited by 390
Pickles, A. R., Bolton, P., Macdonald, H., Bailey, A., Couteur, A. S. L., Sim, C. H., & Rutter, M. L. (1995) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 388
Autism, affective and other psychiatric disorders: Patterns of familial aggregation
BOLTON, P. F., PICKLES, A., MURPHY, M., & RUTTER, M. (1998) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291797006004 · Cited by 387
Parents of Children with Asperger Syndrome: What is the Cognitive Phenotype?
Baron‐Cohen, S., & Hammer, J. (1997) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1997.9.4.548 · Cited by 375
Piven, J., & Palmer, P. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.4.557 · Cited by 364
Smalley, S. L. (1988) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800340081013 · Cited by 351
Childhood schizophrenia: Symposium, 1955: 6. Early infantile autism, 1943–55.
Eisenberg, L., & Kanner, L. (1956) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1956.tb06202.x · Cited by 332
Happe, F. G. E., Uta Frith, A., & Briskman, J. (2001) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00723 · Cited by 331
Genetic Studies of Autism: From the 1970s into the Millennium
Rutter, M. L. (2000) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1005113900068 · Cited by 299
Brief report: Psychological effects of parenting stress on parents of autistic children
Wolf, L. C., Noh, S., Fisman, S., & Speechley, M. (1989) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02212727 · Cited by 297
Bouma, R., & Schweitzer, R. (1990) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199011)46:6 · Cited by 265
Genetic influence on language delay in two-year-old children
Dale, P. S., Simonoff, E. A., Bishop, D., Eley, T. C., Oliver, B. R., Price, T. S., Purcell, S., Stevenson, J., & Plomin, R. J. (1998) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/1142 · Cited by 244
Fombonne, E. J., Simmons, H., Ford, T. J., Meltzer, H., & Goodman, R. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200107000-00017 · Cited by 223
Psychiatric disorders in the parents of autistic individuals
PIVEN, J., CHASE, G. A., LANDA, R., WZOREK, M., GAYLE, J., CLOUD, D., & FOLSTEIN, S. (1991) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199105000-00019 · Cited by 206
Autism, affective disorders, and social phobia
Smalley, S. L., McCracken, J. T., & Tanguay, P. E. (1995) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320600105 · Cited by 199
Executive function in parents of children with autism.
HUGHES, C., LEBOYER, M., & BOUVARD, M. (1997) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291796004308 · Cited by 181
Fisman, S., Wolf, L. C., Ellison, D., Gillis, B. J., FREEMAN, T., & Szatmári, P. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199611000-00023 · Cited by 154
Cognitive Deficits in Parents from Multiple‐incidence Autism Families
Piven, J., & Palmer, P. J. (1997) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01618.x · Cited by 138
Genetic and environmental risks for specific language impairment in children
Bishop, D. (2001) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2000.0770 · Cited by 116
A Comparative Study of Infantile Autism and Specific Developmental Receptive Language Disorder
Cox, A., Rutter, M. L., Newman, S., & Bartak, L. (1975) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.126.2.146 · Cited by 111
Singer, M. T., & Wynne, L. C. (1963) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.120.3.234 · Cited by 104
Siblings and parents of children with autism: a controlled population-based study
Gillberg, C., Gillberg, I. C., & Steffenburg, S. (1992) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1992.tb11450.x · Cited by 94
III. the Family and Social Background in Childhood Psychoses
Kolvin, I., Ounsted, C., Richardson, L., & Garside, R. F. (1971) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.118.545.396 · Cited by 92
Heterogeneity and the genetics of autism.
Szatmári, P. (1999) · PubMed Central · Cited by 89
Supporting the Families of Children with Autism
Parker, J., & Randall, P. R. (1999) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 80
IV. Parental Personality and Attitude and Childhood Psychoses
Kolvin, I., Garside, R. F., & Kidd, J. S. H. (1971) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.118.545.403 · Cited by 70
Thought Disorders in Parents of Psychotic Children
Schopler, E. (1969) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1969.01740140046005 · Cited by 70
Cook, E. H., Charak, D., Arida, J. A., Spohn, J. A., Roizen, N., & LEVENTHAL, B. L. (1994) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(94)90117-1 · Cited by 63
The biological basis of autism
Piven, J. (1997) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(97)80093-1 · Cited by 55
Clustering estimates of effect magnitude from independent studies.
Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1983) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.93.3.563 · Cited by 45
The Genetics of Childhood Psychiatric Disorders: A Decade of Progress
State, M. W., Lombroso, P. J., Pauls, D. L., & Leckman, J. F. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200008000-00006 · Cited by 39
A Family Genetic Study of Autism Associated with Profound Mental Retardation
Starr, E. M., Berument, S. K., Pickles, A. R., Tomlins, M., Bailey, A. J., Papanikolaou, Κ., & Rutter, M. L. (2001) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005669915105 · Cited by 38
Boutin, P., Maziade, M., Mérette, C., Mondor, M., Bédard, C., & Thivierge, J. (1997) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1025891824269 · Cited by 36
Autism - the search for coherence
Richer, J. M., & Coates, S. (2001) · Cited by 34
Spence, M. A. (2001) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00008480-200112000-00012 · Cited by 29
Fringe phenotypes in autism: a review of clinical, biochemical and cognitive studies
Goussé, V., Plumet, M., Chabane, N., Mouren, M., Ferradian, N., & Leboyer, M. (2002) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(02)00640-5 · Cited by 26
Verbal versus visuospatial abilities in relatives of autistic females
Leboyer, M., Plumet, M., Goldblum, M., Pérez-Díaz, F., & Marchaland, C. (1995) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565649509540609 · Cited by 25
Parental Characteristics in Relation to Diagnosis and Neurological Status in Childhood Psychosis
Netley, C., Lockyer, L., & GREENBAUM, G. H. C. (1975) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.127.5.440 · Cited by 16
Cognitive characteristics of parents of autistic children
Lennox, C., Callias, M., & Rutter, M. L. (1977) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01539001 · Cited by 13
Cognitive deficits in parents from multiple-incidence autism families
Piven, J., & Palmer, P. J. (1996) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/00041444-199623000-00059 · Cited by 5
Personality traits in parents of people with autism
O’Hanrahan, S., Fitzgerald, M., & O’Regan, M. (1999) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0790966700005188 · Cited by 3
Hackam, A. (2002) · Clinical Genetics · doi:10.1034/j.1399-0004.2002.620602_2.x · Cited by 2
Hackam, A. (2002) · Clinical Genetics · doi:10.1034/j.1399-0004.2002.620602_1.x · Cited by 1
Burger (1998) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2779(1998)4:2
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- American Psychiatric Association., 1980, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
- Johnson B.L., 1989, DSTAT: Software for the meta‐analytic reviews of research literatures
- Johnson B.L., 1993, DSTAT 1.10: Software for the meta‐analytic review: Upgrade documentation
- 10.1176/ajp.156.4.557 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A meta-analysis of sensory modulation symptoms in individuals with autism spectrum disorders
Ben-Sasson, A., Hen, L., Fluss, R., Cermak, S. A., Engel-Yeger, B., & Gal, E. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0593-3 · Cited by 1,047
“The selection of variables to code was based on the evidence cited in the literature review and on previous metaanalytic studies with persons with ASDs (Yirmiya and Shaked 2005).”
MethodThe genetics of autistic disorders and its clinical relevance: a review of the literature
Freitag, C. M. (2007) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001896 · Cited by 638
Herring, S., Gray, K., Taffe, J., Tonge, B., Sweeney, D., & Einfeld, S. (2006) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00904.x · Cited by 588
Estes, A., Olson, E., Sullivan, K., Greenson, J., Winter, J., Dawson, G., & Munson, J. (2013) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2012.10.004 · Cited by 456
“Parents may also be at increased risk for developing psychological symptoms, such as depression and anxiety [1,6,7].”
Mugno, D., Ruta, L., D’Arrigo, V. G., & Mazzone, L. (2007) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-5-22 · Cited by 495
Metadata
- Authors
- Yirmiya, N., & Shaked, M.
- Affiliations
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Yirmiya, Nurit
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-08-11
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 69-83
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- OpenAlex
- W2156078552
- Cited by
- 198
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 0.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, parents of autistic children, mental illness, genetic risk, Down syndrome, learning disabilities, comparison groups, self-report measures, clinical measures
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Autistic Disorder, Mental Disorders, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Phenotype, Risk Factors, Incidence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review