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Psychiatric disorders in parents of children with autism: a meta-analysis
Abstract
Background: The genetic basis of autism has received great attention during the last few years. The psychiatric status of parents of persons with autism has been studied as part of the broad phenotype of autism. Methods: In the current study we examined all studies in which psychiatric difficulties of parents of children with autism were compared to those of parents of other children, as part of the broad phenotype of autism. Results: Overall, when parents of children with autism were compared to all other parents taken together, i.e., parents of typically developing children grouped together with parents of children with diagnoses other than autism, they were found to have more psychiatric difficulties, but this finding was inconsistent. Once type of comparison group (e.g., Down Syndrome, learning disabilities) and method of assessing psychiatric difficulties (e.g., self‐report, clinical measures) were taken into account, different findings were yielded for the various comparison groups and methods of assessing psychiatric difficulties in parents, suggesting that parents of children with autism present more psychiatric difficulties, mostly in comparisons involving samples of parents of children with no known genetic risk (e.g., Down Syndrome). Conclusions: These findings suggest that in future studies, researchers should carefully consider the advantages and disadvantages of various comparison groups and other characteristics, such as method of assessment, gender, and level of functioning, in attempting to delineate the specificity and universality of the broad phenotype of autism.
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“two meta-analyses (52, 97) underlined the lack of studies with psychiatric diagnosis of parents before the birth of children with autism, suggesting that depression during pregnancy may be underestimated.”
From Gene × Environment Interactions in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Role of Epigenetic Mechanisms (2014) · cites this paper as [97]
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A meta-analysis of sensory modulation symptoms in individuals with autism spectrum disorders
Ben-Sasson, A., Hen, L., Fluss, R., Cermak, S. A., Engel-Yeger, B., & Gal, E. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0593-3 · Cited by 1,047
“The selection of variables to code was based on the evidence cited in the literature review and on previous metaanalytic studies with persons with ASDs (Yirmiya and Shaked 2005).”
MethodThe genetics of autistic disorders and its clinical relevance: a review of the literature
Freitag, C. M. (2007) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001896 · Cited by 638
Herring, S., Gray, K., Taffe, J., Tonge, B., Sweeney, D., & Einfeld, S. (2006) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00904.x · Cited by 588
Estes, A., Olson, E., Sullivan, K., Greenson, J., Winter, J., Dawson, G., & Munson, J. (2013) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2012.10.004 · Cited by 456
“Parents may also be at increased risk for developing psychological symptoms, such as depression and anxiety [1,6,7].”
Mugno, D., Ruta, L., D’Arrigo, V. G., & Mazzone, L. (2007) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-5-22 · Cited by 495
Assessing autistic traits: cross‐cultural validation of the social responsiveness scale (SRS)
Bölte, S., Poustka, F., & Constantino, J. N. (2008) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.49 · Cited by 475
“For instance, milder phenotypes of ASD can be observed in relatives of individuals with ASD [Bailey, Palferman, Heavey, & Le Couteur, 1998; Bölte, Knecht, & Poustka, 2007; Yirmiya & Shaked, 2005].”
BackgroundChildren with Autism: Quality of Life and Parental Concerns
Lee, L.-C., Harrington, R. A., Louie, B. B., & Newschaffer, C. J. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0491-0 · Cited by 446
“It has, however, been shown that the presence of psychopathologies among parents of children with autism does not exceed that reported in parents of children with other genetically determined behavioral disorders ( Yirmiya and Shaked 2005 )‐‐however, comparative data with parents of children with ADD/ADHD have not bee…”
ResultThe Relationship Between Autism and Parenting Stress
Schieve, L. A., Blumberg, S. J., Rice, C., Visser, S. N., & Boyle, C. (2007) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2006-2089q · Cited by 431
“We cannot discern whether need for special services as reported by parents of children with autism was related to (1) severity of autism behavior difficulties, and/or cognitive functioning, (2) stability (or lack of) of the child’s current functioning, (3) the parent’s perception of severity and stability, or (4) or s…”
BackgroundMethodTotsika, V., Hastings, R. P., Emerson, E., Lancaster, G., & Berridge, D. M. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02295.x · Cited by 409
Rai, D., Lee, B. K., Dalman, C., Golding, J., Lewis, G., & Magnusson, C. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f2059 · Cited by 365
Salazar, F., Baird, G., Chandler, S., Tseng, E., O’sullivan, T., Howlin, P., Pickles, A., & Simonoff, E. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2361-5 · Cited by 364
“…the presence of ASD in contrast to typical development (Totsika et al. 2011) and an earlier meta-analysis demonstrated considerable inconsistency among studies but an overall relationship with parental psychopathology that was moderated by the child’s level of functioning (Yirmiya and Shaked 2005).”
ResultThe factors predicting stress, anxiety and depression in the parents of children with autism
Falk, N. H., Norris, K., & Quinn, M. G. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2189-4 · Cited by 369
Sucksmith, E., Roth, I., & Hoekstra, R. A. (2011) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-011-9183-9 · Cited by 336
“…and major depression) may have a genetic link with autism and are not just caused by the stress associated with looking after children with clinical diagnoses; a meta-analysis of psychiatric disorders in parents of children with autism by Yirmiya and Shaked (2005) seems to support this conclusion.”
Losh, M., Childress, D., Lam, K., & Piven, J. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30612 · Cited by 316
“…and in comparison to additional control groups, in order to refine the results of this study and assess the specificity of these characteristics to autism [see Yirmiya and Shaked, 2005 on the importance of including different comparison groups varying in liability to autism in studies of the BAP].”
ResultZwaigenbaum, L., Thurm, A., Stone, W., Baranek, G., Bryson, S., Iverson, J., Kau, A., Klin, A., Lord, C., Landa, R., et al. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0179-x · Cited by 297
“…of certain psychiatric and developmental disorders, compared to individuals with no family history of autism (Landa, Folstein & Isaacs, 1991; Landa et al., 1992; Pickles et al., 2000; Piven, Palmer, Jacobi, Childress, & Arndt, 1997; Smalley, McCracken, & Tanguay, 1995; Yirmiya & Shaked, 2005).”
BackgroundTONGE, B., BRERETON, A., KIOMALL, M., MACKINNON, A., KING, N., & RINEHART, N. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000205701.48324.26 · Cited by 298
“Mothers of children with autism are more likely to suffer from depression than mothers of children with intellectual disability (ID) without autism and mothers with typically developing children (Bristol et al., 1993; Olsson and Hwang, 2001; Yirmiya and Shaked, 2005); however, they may also have a heritable vulnerabil…”
BackgroundParental psychiatric disorders associated with autism spectrum disorders in the offspring
Daniels, J. L., Forssen, U., Hultman, C. M., Cnattingius, S., Savitz, D. A., Feychting, M., & Sparen, P. (2008) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2296 · Cited by 288
Gene × Environment Interactions in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Role of Epigenetic Mechanisms
Tordjman, S., Somogyi, E., Coulon, N., Kermarrec, S., Cohen, D., Bronsard, G., Bonnot, O., Weismann-Arcache, C., Botbol, M., Lauth, B., et al. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00053 · Cited by 283
“Also, two meta-analyses (52, 97) underlined the lack of studies with psychiatric diagnosis of parents before the birth of children with autism, suggesting that depression during pregnancy may be underestimated.”
BackgroundZablotsky, B., Bradshaw, C. P., & Stuart, E. A. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1693-7 · Cited by 299
“The notable risk may be intensified with the presence of psychiatric conditions in either the child or the parent (Ghaziuddin and Greden 1998; Klin et al. 2005; Leyfer et al. 2006), as well as severity of the child’s ASD (Yirmiya and Shaked 2005).”
BackgroundSchnabel, A., Youssef, G. J., Hallford, D. J., Hartley, E., McGillivray, J., Stewart, M., Forbes, D., & Austin, D. (2019) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361319844636 · Cited by 252
“Specifically, where self-report measures of parental psychiatric difficulty were used, the prevalence of psychological disorder in parents of children with ASD was significantly higher than when structured diagnostic interviews were used (Yirmiya & Shaked, 2005).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialPicardi, A., Gigantesco, A., Tarolla, E., Stoppioni, V., Cerbo, R., Cremonte, M., Alessandri, G., Lega, I., & Nardocci, F. (2018) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/1745017901814010143 · Cited by 249
Predictors of Psychological Morbidity in Parents of Children with Intellectual Disabilities
Gallagher, S. M., Phillips, A. C., Oliver, C., & Carroll, D. (2008) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsn040 · Cited by 195
“Parents of children with intellectual disabilities frequently report symptoms of depression and anxiety (Dunn, Burbine, Bowers, & Tantleff-Dunn, 2001; Hastings et al., 2005; Yirmiya & Shaked, 2005).”
Autism Spectrum Disorders and Race, Ethnicity, and Nativity: A Population-Based Study
Becerra, T. A., von Ehrenstein, O. S., Heck, J. E., Olsen, J., Arah, O. A., Jeste, S. S., Rodriguez, M., & Ritz, B. (2014) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3928 · Cited by 180
Depression in Parents of Children Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Claims-Based Analysis
Cohrs, A. C., & LESLIE, D. L. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3063-y · Cited by 208
“For instance, parents of children with ASD have been found to have increased parenting stress (e.g., Estes et al. 2013; Hayes and Watson 2013; Lai et al. 2015; Yirmiya and Shaked 2005), as well as depression and anxiety symptoms (e.”
BackgroundAl-Farsi, O. A., Al-Farsi, Y. M., Al‐Sharbati, M. M., & Al‐Adawi, S. (2016) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s107103 · Cited by 178
“Yirmiya and Shaked 13 have reported that psychological distress is higher among CASD compared to other parents.”
Association of Maternal Exposure to Childhood Abuse With Elevated Risk for Autism in Offspring
Roberts, A. L., Lyall, K., Rich-Edwards, J. W., Ascherio, A., & Weisskopf, M. G. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.447 · Cited by 160
Resilience in families raising children with disabilities and behavior problems
McConnell, D., Savage, A., & Breitkreuz, R. S. (2014) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.01.015 · Cited by 175
“…stress (Bailey, Golden, Roberts, & Ford, 2007; Emerson, Hatton, Llewellyn, Blacker, & Graham, 2006; Emerson et al., 2010; Montes & Halterman, 2007; Singer & Floyd, 2006; Totsika, Hastings, Emerson, Lancaster, & Berridge, 2011; Vermaes, Janssens, Bosman, & Gerris, 2005; Yirmiya & Shaked, 2005).”
The lived experience of US parents of children with autism spectrum disorders
Corcoran, J., Berry, A., & Hill, S. (2015) · Journal of Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1744629515577876 · Cited by 142
Keenan, M., Dillenburger, K., Doherty, A., Byrne, T., & Gallagher, S. M. (2010) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/j.1468-3148.2010.00555.x · Cited by 158
Georgiades, S., Szatmari, P., Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S., Brian, J., Roberts, W., Smith, I., Vaillancourt, T., Roncadin, C., & Garon, N. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/2013.jamapsychiatry.1 · Cited by 130
“These milder manifestations of ASD have been termed the broader autism phenotype (BAP) and are believed to be associated with social, communication, and cognitive deficits; restricted, rigid behavior patterns; and certain personality characteristics and psychiatric difficulties.(7-18) Most studies of the BAP focus on…”
BackgroundDell’Osso, L., Gesi, C., Massimetti, E., Cremone, I. M., Barbuti, M., Maccariello, G., Moroni, I., Barlati, S., Castellini, G., Luciano, M., et al. (2016) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.11.001 · Cited by 141
Cramm, J. M., & Nieboer, A. P. (2011) · Journal of Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1744629511410922 · Cited by 131
“Such needs can cause parental stress and lower caregivers’ psychological well-being (Dunn et al., 2001; Hastings et al., 2005; Murphy et al., 2006; Raina et al., 2004; Yirmiya and Shaked, 2005) as expressed, for example, by anxiety and depression (Chadman et al.”
BackgroundWong, V. C. N., & Kwok-loi, Q. K. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0916-z · Cited by 128
“…et al. 1992; Lecavalier et al. 2006; Weiss 2002) and other psychological problems such as depression and anxiety (Piven and Palmer 1999; Yirmiya and Shaked 2005), possibly as a result of having to deal with the child’s impairments in communication, difficult behaviours, social…”
BackgroundInfluentialYarımkaya, E., & Esentürk, O. K. (2020) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2020.1756115 · Cited by 127
“Negative conditions such as stress, anxiety, depression and peer-to-peer difficulties which are more common in parents with children with ASD (Yirmiya and Shaked 2005), can increase during the COVID-19 outbreak.”
BackgroundHastings, R. P. (2016) · International review of research in developmental disabilities · doi:10.1016/bs.irrdd.2016.05.002 · Cited by 140
Predictors of Psychiatric Symptoms in Children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder
Gadow, K. D., DeVincent, C. J., & Schneider, J. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0556-8 · Cited by 120
“Although findings are mixed depending on the comparison group and method of assessing psychopathology, the parents of children with autism appear to be at relatively greater risk for a broad range of mental health disorders (Lauritsen et al. 2005; Yirmiya and Shaked 2005 ); however, we are unaware of any large-scale s…”
BackgroundAttachment in children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review
Teague, S. J., Gray, K. M., Tonge, B. J., & Newman, L. K. (2017) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2016.12.002 · Cited by 113
“…of children with ASD report significant difficulties beyond caregivers of typically developing children or children with other developmental disabilities, including higher caregiver stress levels and greater risk of caregiver mental health concerns (Hastings et al., 2005; Yirmiya & Shaked, 2005).”
BackgroundDepression and anxiety among parents and caregivers of autistic spectral disorder children
Almansour, M., AlAteeq, M. A., Alzahrani, M. K., Algeffari, M., & Alhomaidan, H. T. (2013) · Neurosciences · doi:10.17712/1658-3183.1993 · Cited by 112
Hodge, D., Hoffman, C. D., Sweeney, D. P., & Riggs, M. L. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1639-0 · Cited by 103
Impact of autism in adolescents on parental quality of life
Baghdadli, A., Pry, R., Michelon, C., & Rattaz, C. (2014) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-014-0635-6 · Cited by 123
Keenan, B. M., Newman, L. K., Gray, K. M., & Rinehart, N. J. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2836-z · Cited by 116
“Parents also exhibit greater mental health problems compared to other groups, including anxiety (Piven and Palmer 1999; Ruiz-Robledillo and Moya-Albiol 2015; Yirmiya and Shaked 2005) and depression (Hodge et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialAlexithymia in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Szatmári, P., Georgiades, S., Duku, E., Zwaigenbaum, L., Goldberg, J., & Bennett, T. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0576-4 · Cited by 114
“…restricted behaviour patterns, as well as with certain personality characteristics and psychiatric difficulties that can be found in parents of autistic children (Bolton et al. 1994; Landa et al. 1992; Piven et al. 1994, 1997; Wolff et al. 1988; Murphy et al. 2000; Yirmiya and Shaked 2005).”
BackgroundMiodrag, N., Burke, M. M., Tanner‐Smith, E. E., & Hodapp, R. M. (2014) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.12135 · Cited by 109
Kousha, M., Attar, H. A., & Shoar, Z. (2015) · Journal of Child Health Care · doi:10.1177/1367493515598644 · Cited by 92
“Other studies highlighted the familial aggregation of psychiatric disorders such as tic disorders, obsessive–compulsive disorder, affective disorders, especially depressive, anxiety, and personality disorders (Yirmiya and Shaked, 2005).”
BackgroundFathers' behaviors and children's psychopathology
Flouri, E. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.004 · Cited by 95
“…disorders, learning and communication disorders and problems in learning, severe and persistent disorders such as pervasive developmental disorders, and other developmental disabilities or schizophrenia (Dykens & Hodapp, 2001; Hastings & Beck, 2004; Hastings et al., 2005; Yirmiya & Shaked, 2005).”
From child autistic symptoms to parental affective symptoms: A family process model
Chan, K. K. S., Lam, C. B., Law, N. C. W., & Cheung, R. Y. M. (2018) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2018.02.005 · Cited by 83
“Notably, a meta-analysis found that, compared to parents of typically developing children, parents of children with ASD reported higher incidences of psychopathological symptoms, including depression and anxiety (Yirmiya & Shaked, 2005).”
ResultBölte, S., & Poustka, F. (2006) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01603.x · Cited by 78
“A multitude of studies comprising first-degree relatives of subjects with autism have found autism-related features in parents and siblings which are viewed as mild phenotypic variants of the disorder (Bailey, Palferman, Heavey, & Le Couteur, 1998; Yirmiya & Shaked, 2005 ).”
BackgroundOxidative Stress, Maternal Diabetes, and Autism Spectrum Disorders
Carpita, B., Muti, D., & Dell’Osso, L. (2018) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2018/3717215 · Cited by 80
Ede, M. O., Anyanwu, J. I., Onuigbo, L. N., Ifelunni, C. O., Albi-Oparaocha, F. C., Okenyi, E. C., Agu, M. A., Ugwuanyi, L. T., Ugwuanyi, C. S., Eseadi, C., et al. (2020) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-020-00342-7 · Cited by 79
Schuntermann, P. (2007) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/10673220701432188 · Cited by 65
Hodge, D., Hoffman, C. D., & Sweeney, D. P. (2010) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-010-9218-9 · Cited by 70
“In their meta-analysis of studies conducted between 1973 and 2003, Yirmiya and Shaked (2005) found that parents of children with ASD evidenced significantly more psychopathology overall and specifically in the areas of depression, anxiety, and thought disorder.”
BackgroundInfluentialAdjustment characteristics of healthy siblings of children with autism
Barak-Levy, Y., Goldstein, E., & Weinstock, M. P. (2010) · Journal of Family Studies · doi:10.5172/jfs.16.2.155 · Cited by 62
“Expressing a ‘broad phenotype’, these siblings may prefer to stay home and not participate in social activities after school (Bishop, Maybery, Wong, Maley, & Hallmayer, 2006; Yirmiya & Shaked, 2005).”
BackgroundMindfulness and parenting distress among parents of children with disabilities: A literature review
Rayan, A., & Ahmad, M. (2018) · Perspectives in Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12217 · Cited by 60
Kumar, R. A., Sudi, J., Babatz, T. D., Brune, C. W., Oswald, D. P., Yen, M., Nowak, N. J., Cook, E. H., Christian, S. L., & Dobyns, W. B. (2009) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmg.2008.065821 · Cited by 63
“In family AU0125, the p.M260V exon 6 variant identified in patient HI0686 was not predicted to affect protein function by any of the three in silico protein programs. The carrier father had obsessive–compulsive disorder, depression, anxiety, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The presence of psychiatric dis…”
ResultSeidman, I., Yirmiya, N., Milshtein, S., Ebstein, R. P., & Levi, S. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1315-9 · Cited by 65
“A meta-analysis of findings from studies examining the existence of psychiatric disorders in parents of children with autism (Yirmiya and Shaked 2005) revealed that such parents exhibit higher rates of psychiatric disorders in comparison to parents of children with Down syndrome or typical…”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe MHYPeDD team, Teague, S. J., Newman, L. K., Tonge, B. J., & Gray, K. M. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3517-x · Cited by 57
“Parents of children with ASD are demonstrated to experience more symptoms of mental disorder than parents of children with other developmental disabilities (Totsika et al. 2011; Yirmiya and Shaked 2005).”
BackgroundCarpita, B., Carmassi, C., Calderoni, S., Muti, D., Muscarella, A., Massimetti, G., Cremone, I. M., Gesi, C., Conti, E., Muratori, F., et al. (2019) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852919001615 · Cited by 59
Chan, K. K. S., & Leung, D. C. K. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04557-6 · Cited by 58
Gallagher, S. M., Phillips, A. C., Helen, L., & Carroll, D. (2014) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-014-9839-x · Cited by 53
“The present quantitative study confirmed the negative association between social support and depression in parents caring for a child with developmental disabilities (Dunn et al., 2001; Yirmiya & Shaked, 2005).”
Cohort Profile: The Western Australian Family Connections Genealogical Project
Glasson, E. J., de Klerk, N. H., Bass, A., Rosman, D. L., Palmer, L. J., & Holman, C. (2007) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dym136 · Cited by 52
Visser, J. C., Rommelse, N., Vink, L., Schrieken, M., Oosterling, I. J., van der Gaag, R. J., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1678-6 · Cited by 50
“Increased maternal stress may be caused by the higher frequency of prenatal complications in the ASD sample and by increased parental psychopathology which is likely to be more prevalent in ASD families (Yirmiya and Shaked 2005).”
BackgroundBrugha, T. S., Matthews, R. J., Morgan, Z., Hill, T., Alonso, J., & Jones, D. R. H. (2012) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.098103 · Cited by 51
Cerebellar gray matter differentiates children with early language delay in autism
D’Mello, A. M., Moore, D. M., Crocetti, D., Mostofsky, S. H., & Stoodley, C. J. (2016) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1622 · Cited by 50
“…have poorer receptive and expressive language, social communication, and pragmatic language abilities than the general population, even when broader academic skills are intact [Piven & Palmer, 1997; Yirmiya & Shaked, 2005; Landa & Garrett-Mayer, 2006; Toth et al., 2007; Ben-Yizhak et al., 2011].”
BackgroundKring, S. R., Greenberg, J. S., & Seltzer, M. M. (2008) · Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1080/19315860801988228 · Cited by 47
“…and further experience some psychiatric and neurological disorders at greater rates than individuals in the general population (i.e., Piven & Palmer, 1999; Yirmiya & Shaked, 2005), suggesting potential preexisting genetic vulnerability in these families (Piven, 1999; Yirmiya & Shaked, 2005).”
BackgroundThe relationship between autism and psychiatric disorders in Intellectually Disabled Adults
Malfa, G. L., Lassi, S., Salvini, R., Giganti, C., Bertelli, M. O., & Albertini, G. (2007) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2006.10.004 · Cited by 48
Glazzard, J., & Overall, K. (2012) · Support for Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9604.2011.01505.x · Cited by 45
First-degree relatives of young children with autism spectrum disorders: Some gender aspects
Eriksson, M. A., Westerlund, J., Anderlid, B. M., Gillberg, C., & Fernell, E. (2012) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.03.025 · Cited by 43
A Model of Family and Child Functioning in Siblings of Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Tudor, M. E., Rankin, J., & Lerner, M. D. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3352-5 · Cited by 50
Matching Procedures in Autism Research: Evidence from Meta-Analytic Studies
Shaked, M., & Yirmiya, N. (2004) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/b:jadd.0000018072.42845.83 · Cited by 39
Self-citationOberlander, T. F., & Zwaigenbaum, L. (2017) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2017.3414 · Cited by 39
Autistic Traits in Couple Dyads as a Predictor of Anxiety Spectrum Symptoms
Lau, W. Y.-P., Gau, S. S., Chiu, Y., & Wu, Y. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2151-5 · Cited by 38
“A meta-analysis of relevant research between 1973 and 2003 (Yirmiya and Shaked 2005) compared parents of (a) typically developing chil-”
MethodIngersoll, B., & Wainer, A. (2014) · Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Fourth Edition · doi:10.1002/9781118911389.hautc02 · Cited by 104
Quality of Life and Subjective Burden on Family Caregiver of Children with Autism
Mahmoud, O. E. (2017) · American Journal of Nursing Science · doi:10.11648/j.ajns.20170601.15 · Cited by 36
“Unfortunately, caregivers of children with autism face numerous challenges and many studies reported increased psychological distress including depression [8-11].”
BackgroundGadow, K. D., & DeVincent, C. J. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1473-4 · Cited by 33
DISC1 duplication in two brothers with autism and mild mental retardation
Crepel, A., Breckpot, J., Fryns, J., la Marche, W. D., Steyaert, J. G., Devriendt, K., & Peeters, H. (2009) · Clinical Genetics · doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2009.01318.x · Cited by 33
“The causal factors of the mother’s psychiatric conditions could play a role here, although the familial risk for ASD associated with her disorders is rather low (32).”
BackgroundPrevalence of depression in mothers of children having ASD
Jose, A., Gupta, S., Gulati, S., & Sapra, S. (2017) · Current Medicine Research and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cmrp.2016.12.003 · Cited by 28
Durukan, İ., Kara, K., Almbaideen, M., Karaman, D., & Gül, H. (2017) · Pediatrics International · doi:10.1111/ped.13510 · Cited by 29
Vega, M. L., Newport, G. C., Bozhdaraj, D., Saltz, S. B., Nemeroff, C. B., & Newport, D. J. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.18070766 · Cited by 30
Enstrom, A. M., Onore, C. E., Tarver, A., Hertz‐Picciotto, I., Hansen, R. L., Croen, L., de Water, J. V., & Ashwood, P. (2008) · American journal of biochemistry & biotechnology/American journal of biochemistry and biotechnology · doi:10.3844/ajbbsp.2008.121.129 · Cited by 28
“Furthermore, co-morbidity exists between family members of subjects with autism and affective disorders, especially depression([2-4]).”
BackgroundCrianças e jovens autistas: impacto na dinâmica familiar e pessoal de seus pais
Marques, M. H., & Dixe, M. D. A. (2011) · Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo) · doi:10.1590/s0101-60832011000200005 · Cited by 27
Nilses, Å., Jingrot, M., Linnsand, P., Gillberg, C., & Nygren, G. (2019) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s221908 · Cited by 24
“Parents of children with ASD often experience daily life as stressful and suffer mental health problems to a greater extent than other parents.(20,21) Raising a child with autism is described as strenuous and challenging,(22) but that it can also lead to personal growth.”
BackgroundAsano, R., Tsuchiya, K. J., Takei, N., Harada, T., Kugizaki, Y., Nakahara, R., Nakayasu, C., Okumura, A., Suzuki, Y., Takagai, S., et al. (2014) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.08.010 · Cited by 27
“In addition, it has been shown that individuals with higher levels of BAP are at increased risk for psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder and depressive symptoms (Ingersoll & Hambrick, 2011; Piven & Palmer, 1999; Yirmiya & Shaked, 2005).”
BackgroundPakistani mothers’ experiences of parenting a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Ireland
Habib, S., Prendeville, P., Abdussabur, A., & Kinsella, W. (2017) · Educational and Child Psychology · doi:10.53841/bpsecp.2017.34.2.67 · Cited by 24
The Route of Stress in Parents of Young Children with and without Autism: A Path-Analysis Study
Leonardi, E., Cerasa, A., Servidio, R. C., Costabile, A., Famà, F. I., Carrozza, C., Spadaro, L., Scifo, R., Baieli, S., Aiello, S., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182010887 · Cited by 31
Drumm, E., & Brian, J. A. (2013) · Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.2217/npy.13.65 · Cited by 24
McCafferty, P., & McCutcheon, J. (2020) · Child Care in Practice · doi:10.1080/13575279.2020.1765145 · Cited by 21
Lilley, R., Lawson, W. B., Hall, G., Mahony, J., Clapham, H., Heyworth, M., Arnold, S. R. C., Trollor, J. N., Yudell, M., & Pellicano, E. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05667-z · Cited by 33
“…indicative of autism trait heritability, such as elevated rates of social difficulties (Bolton et al., 1994; Whitehouse et al., 2010) and psychiatric problems (Wolff et al., 1988; Yirmiya & Shaked, 2005) in both first-and second-degree relatives (Ingersoll & Wainer, 2014; Micali et al., 2004).”
Psychiatric Disorders in the Parents of Individuals with Infantile Autism: A Case-Control Study
Mouridsen, S. E., Rich, B., Isager, T., & Nedergaard, N. J. (2007) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000100006 · Cited by 21
Machine learning determination of applied behavioral analysis treatment plan type
Maharjan, J., Garikipati, A., Dinenno, F. A., Ciobanu, M., Barnes, G., Browning, E., Decurzio, J., Mao, Q., & Das, R. (2023) · Brain Informatics · doi:10.1186/s40708-023-00186-8 · Cited by 25
“The collective effect of these latter stressors is not trivial, as caregivers of patients with ASD have been shown to exhibit higher rates of stress, depression, anxiety, and other mental health disorders than the caregivers of patients having other developmental delays and disabilities [23, 24].”
BackgroundGrowing Up with a Developmentally Challenged Brother or Sister
Schuntermann, P. (2009) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/10673220903299161 · Cited by 20
Kabashima, Y., Tadaka, E., & Arimoto, A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238652 · Cited by 19
“One investigation [45] reported that parents of children with ASD suffer more from depression than parents of children with other developmental disabilities.”
Chan, K. K. S., Wang, Z., & Li, H. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01933-4 · Cited by 19
“Also, parents of children with ASD have reported higher levels of affective symptoms, such as depression and anxiety, compared to parents of children without ASD (Yirmiya & Shaked, 2005).”
BackgroundTreating Parents of Children With Chronic Health Conditions: The Role of the General Psychiatrist
Smith, B. A., & Kaye, D. L. (2012) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.10.3.255 · Cited by 19
Ruparelia, K., Manji, K. P., Abubakar, A. A., & Newton, C. R. J. C. (2017) · Autism Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2017/6346912 · Cited by 21
“Findings from our review revealed moderate to high magnitude of effect; thus, depression and anxiety may have a genetic link with autism, supporting findings from a previous meta-analysis of psychiatric disorders in parents of children with autism [71].”
Parental stress and symptoms of depression: a preliminary report
Barańczuk, U., & Pisula, E. (2020) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2020.1797450 · Cited by 18
“…parents of children with other disabilities and chronic 450 International Journal of Developmental Disabilities 2022 VOL. 68 NO. 4 illnesses (Blacher and McIntyre 2006, Hayes and Watson 2013, Huang et al. 2014, Olsson and Hwang 2001, Pisula and PoreRbowicz-D€orsmann 2017, Yirmiya and Shaked 2005).”
BackgroundTemeltürk, R. D., Yürümez, E., Uytun, M. Ç., & Öztop, D. B. (2021) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103922 · Cited by 18
Koukouriki, E., Soulis, S.-G., & Andreoulakis, E. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320966847 · Cited by 21
“Specifically, parents of children with autism exhibit high levels of parenting stress (Bonis, 2016; Hayes & Watson, 2013) and affective disorders (Cohrs & Leslie, 2017; Fairthorne et al., 2015; Gatzoyia et al., 2014; Yirmiya & Shaked, 2005).”
BackgroundMazzoni, N., Bentenuto, A., Filosofi, F., Tardivo, A., Strathearn, L., Zarei, K., de Falco, S., Venuti, P., Iandolo, G., & Giannotti, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20010499 · Cited by 17
Onyishi, C. N., Sefotho, M. M., & Victor-Aigbodion, V. (2022) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2022.102070 · Cited by 16
Leonardi, E., Cerasa, A., Famà, F. I., Carrozza, C., Spadaro, L., Scifo, R., Baieli, S., Marino, F., Tartarisco, G., Vagni, D., et al. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10080496 · Cited by 18
Metadata
- Authors
- Yirmiya, N., & Shaked, M.
- Affiliations
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Yirmiya, Nurit
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-08-11
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 69-83
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- OpenAlex
- W2156078552
- Cited by
- 198
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 0.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, parents of autistic children, mental illness, genetic risk, Down syndrome, learning disabilities, comparison groups, self-report measures, clinical measures
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Autistic Disorder, Mental Disorders, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Phenotype, Risk Factors, Incidence
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