The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Trajectories of aggression from toddlerhood to age 9 predict academic and social functioning through age 12
Abstract
Background: Using longitudinal data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, we examined behavior problems and social and academic outcomes from ages 9 through 12 in children classified into five trajectories of physical aggression, on the basis of maternal ratings obtained from 24 months through 9 years ( N = 1195). Methods: Outcome data were obtained from teacher reports, observations of children's behavior, and children's self‐reports. Results: Children on the high‐stable aggression trajectory (3% of sample) showed the most severe adjustment problems, including poorer social skills, higher levels of externalizing problems, and more self‐reported peer problems; those on the moderate‐stable aggression trajectory (15%) showed poor regulation and inattention. Although children with moderate levels of early aggression that decreased sharply by school entry (12%) appeared well adjusted at follow‐up, those who showed a low level of stable aggression (25%) evidenced some unanticipated social and behavior problems. Children in the contrast group (45%) were consistently very low in aggression from toddlerhood onward. Conclusions: Results highlight links between different patterns (stable or decreasing) and levels (high, moderate, low, very low) of aggression across childhood and children's later adjustment. For example, even quite low aggression that is stable appears to be a risk factor for some social problems; in contrast, moderate aggression that decreases sharply to no aggression by school entry is associated with good adjustment at age 12.
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“While such difficulties usually resolve naturally across the transition into the pre-school years [86], for a small proportion of children, difficulties persist and represent the start of a pathway to mental health challenges [4, 11, 15, 16, 24, 44, 71].”
From Optimizing parenting and child outcomes following parent–child interaction therapy – toddler: a randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [16]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Campbell, S. B., Spieker, S., Burchinal, M., Poe, M. D., & The NICHD Early Child Care Research Network
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Campbell, Susan B.
- ORCID
- Spieker, Susan
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-06-09
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 791-800
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- OpenAlex
- W1519139989
- Cited by
- 391
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 16.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Keywords
- physical aggression, aggression trajectories, early childhood, social adaptation, academic performance, externalizing problems, peer problems, self-regulation, inattention, school entry, NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, behavioral problems
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Aggression, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Child, Preschool, Depression, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Infant, Internal-External Control, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Peer Group, Risk Factors, Risk-Taking, Sex Factors, Social Adjustment, Socialization, Socioeconomic Factors, Violence
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