Behavioural and Emotional Symptoms of Preschool Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Population-Based Study
Abstract
AIM: To describe behavioural and emotional symptoms among Icelandic preschool children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHOD: Children with congenital CP, assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist/1½-5 (CBCL/1½-5) and Caregiver-Teacher Report Form (C-TRF), were enrolled in the study. A comparison group was recruited from the general population. Thirty-six children (53% males) with CP were assessed at a mean age of 4 years 11 months (SD 5 mo, range 4-6 y); 26 (72%) had bilateral distribution of symptoms and 32 (89%) had spastic CP. Thirty (83%) were at Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I or II and six at levels III or IV. For comparison, 110 (43% males) and 120 (48% males) children were assessed with the CBCL/1½-5 and the C-TRF respectively, at a mean age of 4 years 6 months (SD 6 mo, range 4-6 y). RESULTS: Sixteen children (48%) with CP had high scores on total problems scale of the CBCL/1½-5 and 20 (65%) on the C-TRF compared with 18% of the comparison group, both on the CBCL/1½-5 and the C-TRF (p<0.001). Children with CP had higher scores on all subscales of the CBCL/1½-5 and the C-TRF, except somatic complaints. Attention difficulties, withdrawn, aggressive behaviour, and anxious/depressed symptoms were most pronounced among children with CP. INTERPRETATION: A large proportion of preschool children with CP have substantial behavioural and emotional difficulties, which need to be addressed in their treatment.
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Substantial behavioral and emotional symptoms are documented in a large proportion of preschool children with cerebral palsy.
“substantial behavioral and emotional symptoms documented in a large proportion of preschool children with CP [8]”
From The Mental Health of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Last Five Years of Research (2025) · cites this paper as [8]
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Assessment of Hearing in Children with Cerebral Palsy
Khaydarova, G. S. (2020) · Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology · doi:10.37506/ijfmt.v14i4.12866 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The voice of children with cerebral palsy (CP) and their mothers in Saudi Arabia
Madi, S. (2014) · University of Brighton Repository (University of Brighton) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kohleis, K., Storck, M., Geissler-preuss, S., Hirsch, A., Kuhn, F., Ortfeld, S., Rapp, M., & Bode, H. (2018) · Klinische Pädiatrie · doi:10.1055/a-0664-0832 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Lee, S. C. K., Behboodi, A., Alesi, J. F., & Wright, H. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74558-9_166 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Le GRAND livre des 1000 premiers jours de vie
(2021) · Dunod eBooks · doi:10.3917/dunod.smith.2021.02.0325 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Elkholi, S. M. A., Aldhahi, M. I., & Awaji, N. N. A. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59050837 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Smithson, L., Khan, M. U., Pei, J. R., Andersen, J. C., Yager, J. Y., Mandhane, P. J., Kirton, A., & Rasmussen, C. (2025) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2025.07.019 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Clinical and therapeutic aspects of Cerebral Palsy
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脳室周囲白質軟化症および知的障害児の行動特徴 ─CBCL を用いた検討─
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GLT-1 dysfunction as an underlying cause of cerebral palsy
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Functional Electrical Stimulation Interventions for Children and Youth with Cerebral Palsy
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- Authors
- SIGURDARDOTTIR, S., INDREDAVIK, M. S., EIRIKSDOTTIR, A., EINARSDOTTIR, K., GUDMUNDSSON, H. S., & VIK, T.
- Affiliations
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- Venue
- Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-05-24
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1056-1061
- ISSN
- 0012-1622 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8749
- OpenAlex
- W1538862225
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 4.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet
- Helse Midt-Norge
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- cerebral palsy, preschool children, behavioral problems, emotional symptoms, attention deficits, aggression, withdrawal, anxiety, depression, spastic cerebral palsy, gross motor function, Child Behavior Checklist
- MeSH terms
- Cerebral Palsy, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Child, Preschool, Emotions, Female, Humans, Iceland, Infant, Male, Medical Records, Neuropsychological Tests, Incidence, Community Health Planning, Statistics, Nonparametric
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