Cognitive, Academic, Executive and Psychological Functioning in Children with Spastic Motor Type Cerebral Palsy: Influence of Extent, Location, and Laterality of Brain Lesions
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Purpose To investigate, in spastic motor-type cerebral palsy, the association between 1) the location and extent of brain lesions and numerous psychological outcomes; 2) the laterality of brain lesions and performance of verbal-related cognitive functions.Methods The semi-quantitative scale for MRI (sqMRI) was scored for 101 children with cerebral palsy. Non-verbal and verbal proxy intelligence quotients (IQ), word reading, spelling, numerical operations skills, executive functioning, and psychological adjustment were assessed. Relationships between global and regional sqMRI scores and clinical scores were examined. The best multivariable linear regression model for each outcome was identified using the Bayesian Information Criteria. Regional sqMRI scores, gross motor functioning, manual ability, and epilepsy status were considered for inclusion as covariables. Where sqMRI scores made statistically significant contributions to models of verbal-related functioning, data were reanalysed including these sqMRI scores' laterality index. Verbal-related outcomes were compared between participants with left-sided versus bilateral brain lesions.Results Medial dorsal thalamus and parietal lobe lesions significantly accounted for poorer verbal proxy-IQ. Left-hemisphere lateralization of temporal lobe lesions was associated with poorer verbal proxy-IQ. Participants with bilateral lesions performed significantly better than those with unilateral left-sided lesions in verbal cognitive functions. Controlling for epilepsy diagnosis, participants with ventral posterior lateral thalamus lesions presented with better Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function scores, although within the normal range. sqMRI scores were not significantly associated with some psychological outcomes or these only bordered on significance after accounting for relevant control variables.Conclusion The laterality of early-life lesions influences the development of verbal-related cognitive functions.
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Specific cognitive deficits, particularly in working memory and visual-spatial processing, may shape the outcomes for children with CP, indicating potential areas for targeted cognitive interventions.
“Specific cognitive deficits, particularly in working memory and visual-spatial processing, may shape the outcomes for children with CP, indicating potential areas for targeted cognitive interventions [35].”
From The Mental Health of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Last Five Years of Research (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
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Pagnozzi, A. M., Shen, K., Doecke, J. D., Boyd, R. N., Bradley, A. P., Rose, S., & Dowson, N. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23276 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cerebral palsy in children: A clinical practice review
Patel, D. R., Bovid, K. M., Rausch, R., Ergun-Longmire, B., Goetting, M. G., & Merrick, J. (2024) · Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care · doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2024.101673 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The Mental Health of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Last Five Years of Research
Rausch, R., Chahin, S., Miller, C., Dopheide, L., Bovio, N., Harris, A., & Patel, D. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14124364 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Khan, O. A., Rahman, S., Baduni, K., & Modlesky, C. M. (2025) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.16238 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Laporta‐Hoyos, O., Fiori, S., Pannek, K., Pagnozzi, A. M., Ware, R. S., & Boyd, R. N. (2024) · European Journal of Paediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2023.11.011 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic diagnostic yield by MRI pattern in children with cerebral palsy: a population-based study
Berry, J. G., Taranath, A., Goetti, R. P., Farrar, M. A., Fiori, S., Pham, H.-D., Mittinty, M., Corbett, M. A., Palmer, L. J., Fornarino, D. L., et al. (2025) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.106013 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationAutomatic brain quantification in children with unilateral cerebral palsy
Simarro, J., Billiet, T., Phan, T. V., Eyndhoven, S. V., Crotti, M., Kleeren, L., Mailleux, L., Itzhak, N. B., Sima, D. M., Ortibus, E., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1540480 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Shasha, H. H., Elbahnasawy, H. T., Elnagar, S., & Hassan, G. (2022) · Menoufia Nursing Journal · doi:10.21608/menj.2022.256438 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Laporta‐Hoyos, O., Pannek, K., Pagnozzi, A. M., Fiori, S., & Boyd, R. N. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280055 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationBoyd, R. N., Novak, I., Morgan, C., Bora, S., Sakzewski, L., Ware, R. S., Comans, T. A., Fahey, M. C., Whittingham, K., Trost, S. G., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068675 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationVermeulen, R. J. (2022) · European Journal of Paediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2022.04.007 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Accogli, G., Nicolardi, V., Leucci, M., Macchitella, L., Pirani, G., Oliva, M. C., & Trabacca, A. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12101283 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cerebral palsy and executive functions: Inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility skills
Tayyare, B. Ç., GERÇEK, E., Dursun, E., & Akçin, N. (2023) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22957 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
How adults with cerebral palsy are treated
Rasmussen, A. C., Nielsen, J. F., Nielsen, J. B., Severinsen, K. E., & Honoré, H. (2025) · Ugeskrift for Læger · doi:10.61409/v09240581
Cognitive and Neuropsychological Evaluation
Lieto, M., Lucchese, B. D., & Brovedani, P. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-09211-3_9
Bekteshi, S., Kalkantzi, A., Martens, E., Dan, B., & Pueyo, R. (2026) · Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology · doi:10.1080/17483107.2026.2705168 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Laporta-Hoyos, O., Pannek, K., Pagnozzi, A. M., Whittingham, K., Wotherspoon, J., Benfer, K., Fiori, S., Ware, R. S., & Boyd, R. N.
- Affiliations
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (AU)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- University of Pisa (IT)
- Griffith University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Pannek, Kerstin
- Pagnozzi, Alex M.
- Whittingham, Koa
- Wotherspoon, Jane
- Fiori, Simona
- Ware, Robert S.
- Boyd, Roslyn N.
- ORCID
- Venue
- European Journal of Paediatric Neurology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-05
- Volume
- 38
- Pages
- 33-46
- ISSN
- 1090-3798 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4220836454
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 2.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- European Journal of Paediatric Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion)
- Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC465128, 569605, 1105038)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Fetal and Pediatric Neurological Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Children's Physical and Motor Development
- Keywords
- spastic cerebral palsy, brain lesion location, hemispheric lateralization, verbal intelligence, executive function, psychological adjustment, thalamic lesions, parietal lobe lesions, temporal lobe lesions, left hemisphere lateralization
- MeSH terms
- Bayes Theorem, Brain, Cerebral Palsy, Child, Cognition, Humans, Muscle Spasticity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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