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Cited by 5Cerebral Palsy and Movement DisordersEEG and Brain-Computer InterfacesAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

The Effects of Neurofeedback Training for Children with Cerebral Palsy and Co-Occurring Attention Deficits: A Pilot Study

Chen, Yuh‐Chuan, Chang, Wen‐Pin, Liang, Kai‐Jie, Chen, Chia‐Ling, Chen, Hsin‐Yung, Chen, Shu‐Ping, Chan, Pei‐Ying S.·2024·Child: Care, Health and Development
DOI 10.1111/cch.13231
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Limited research exists regarding the effectiveness of electroencephalogram (EEG) neurofeedback training for children with cerebral palsy (CP) and co-occurring attention deficits (ADs), despite the increasing prevalence of these dual conditions. This study aimed to fill this gap by examining the impact of neurofeedback training on the attention levels of children with CP and AD. METHODS: Nineteen children with both CP and co-occurring ADs were randomly assigned to either a neurofeedback or control group. The neurofeedback group received 20 sessions of training, lasting approximately 1 h per day, twice a week. Theta/beta ratios of the quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) recordings were measured pre-training and post-training in the resting state. The Continuous Performance Test (CPT), the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills-3rd Version (TVPS-3) and the Conners' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS) were measured at pre- and post-training. RESULTS: The neurofeedback group showed both decreased theta/beta ratios compared with control group (p = 0.04) at post-training and a within-group improvement during training (p = 0.02). Additionally, the neurofeedback group had a trend of decreased omission rates of the CPT (p = 0.08) and the visual sequential memory and the visual closure subscores in the TVPS-3, compared with the control group (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that children with CP and co-occurring AD may benefit from neurofeedback training in their attention level. Further research is needed to explore long-term effects and expand its application in this population.

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  • Chen et al. [43] found significant group differences in only one component of the Conners CPT-II measure, showing some decrease in omission rates for the intervention group.

    “While this outcome would suggest an improvement in attentional control, significant group differences were observed in only one component of the Conners CPT-II measure, showing some decrease in omission rates for the intervention group [43].”

    From The Mental Health of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Last Five Years of Research (2025) · cites this paper as [43]

  • Chen et al. [43] found a significant between-group difference in beta/theta ratio at the conclusion of the neurofeedback intervention.

    “Analyses revealed a significant between-group difference in beta/theta ratio at the conclusion of the intervention [43].”

    From The Mental Health of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Last Five Years of Research (2025) · cites this paper as [43]

  • Chen et al. [43] found significant group differences for visuoperceptual skills, with the intervention group demonstrating significant improvement in visual sequential memory and visual closure compared to the control.

    “Finally, significant group differences were also observed for visuoperceptual skills, with the intervention group demonstrating significant improvement in visual sequential memory and visual closure compared to the control [43].”

    From The Mental Health of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Last Five Years of Research (2025) · cites this paper as [43]

  • Of the seven active intervention studies, all used randomization for allocation to groups.

    “Of the seven active intervention studies, all used randomization for allocation to groups [41,42,43,45,46,47,48].”

    From The Mental Health of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Last Five Years of Research (2025) · cites this paper as [43]

  • Of the five studies reporting information about participants' motor function ability, only two included participants with severe mobility impairment (GMFCS Level V).

    “Five studies reported information about participants’ motor function ability [42,43,44,45,47]. Of these, only two studies included participants with severe mobility impairment (GMFCS Level V) [42,47].”

    From The Mental Health of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Last Five Years of Research (2025) · cites this paper as [43]

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Authors
Chen, Y., Chang, W., Liang, K., Chen, C., Chen, H., Chen, S., & Chan, P. S.
Affiliations
  • Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (TW)
  • The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (US)
  • Chang Gung University (TW)
  • University of Alberta (CA)
Corresponding author
  • Chen, Chia‐Ling
  • Chan, Pei‐Ying S.
ORCID
Venue
Child: Care, Health and Development
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2024-01-30
Volume
50
Issue
2
Pages
e13231-e13231
ISSN
  • 0305-1862 (ISSN-L)
  • 1365-2214
DOI
10.1111/cch.13231
OpenAlex
W4391390202
Cited by
5
References
45
Citations by year
2025: 5
FWCI
1.46
Type
journal article
Language
en
Update notices
correction (2024-04-08)
Open access
closed
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Child Care Health and Development (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • ScholarWorks @ UTRGV (The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Keywords
neurofeedback, cerebral palsy, attention deficits, children, theta/beta ratio, attentional control, visual sequential memory, visual closure, omission errors
MeSH terms
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Cerebral Palsy, Child, Electroencephalography, Humans, Pilot Projects, Neurofeedback

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