Stability of emotion-modulated startle during short and long picture presentation
Abstract
Following reports on improved test-retest reliability of emotion-modulated startle during a 6-s picture presentation when different pictures are presented at each assessment (Larson et al., 2000) and data suggesting that brief picture presentations also elicit affective blink modulation (Codispoti, Bradley, & Lang, 2001), we assessed test-retest reliability of blink modulation during brief picture presentations. At two acoustic startle sessions (4 weeks apart) subjects viewed different IAPS pictures for either 6 s (long group) or 300 ms (short), with emotion modulation assessed at three different points in time during and following picture viewing. Group ANOVAs revealed emotion modulation for both short and long groups. In addition, comparable and, in some cases, greater stability of emotion modulation was found for short compared to long picture presentations. Stability was generally low for individual probe times for both groups.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Additional analyses showed that the results reported below were unaffected whether or not the non-responders (n = 10 with non-responses on at least half of the trials) were excluded.
“Although these non-responders are commonly excluded [43], additional analyses showed that results reported below were unaffected whether or not these participants were excluded.”
From Self-Reported Trait Mindfulness and Affective Reactivity: A Motivational Approach Using Multiple Psychophysiological Measures (2015) · cites this paper as [43]
Cites
(1996) · Cited by 3,692 · see citing works
Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions
LANG, P. J., GREENWALD, M. K., BRADLEY, M. M., & HAMM, A. O. (1993) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03352.x · Cited by 3,190 · see citing works
Fears, phobias, and preparedness: toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning
Öhman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.483 · Cited by 3,147 · cited 3× · see citing works
“For example, as a number of researchers have suggested (LeDoux, 1996; Öhman & Mineka, 2001) rapid discrimination of salient environmental cues is advantageous in an evolutionary context.”
BackgroundMethodInternational Affective Picture System (IAPS) : Technical Manual and Affective Ratings
Lang, P. J. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,870 · see citing works
Emotion and motivation I: Defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing.
Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (2001) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.1.3.276 · Cited by 2,224 · see citing works
Cuthbert, B. N., Schupp, H. T., Bradley, M. M., Birbaumer, N., & Lang, P. J. (2000) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(99)00044-7 · Cited by 1,900 · see citing works
Huynh, H., & Feldt, L. S. (1970) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1970.10481187 · Cited by 945 · see citing works
Huynh, H., & Feldt, L. S. (1970) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2284340 · Cited by 945 · see citing works
Emotion in the criminal psychopath: Startle reflex modulation.
Patrick, C. J., Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1993) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.102.1.82 · Cited by 874 · see citing works
Emotion in the criminal psychopath: Startle reflex modulation.
Patrick, C. J., Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1993) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.102.1.82 · Cited by 668 · see citing works
The startle probe response: A new measure of emotion?
Vrana, S. R., Spence, E. L., & Lang, P. J. (1988) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.97.4.487 · Cited by 603 · see citing works
Fleeting images: A new look at early emotion discrimination
Junghöfer, M., Bradley, M. M., Elbert, T. R., & Lang, P. J. (2001) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3820175 · Cited by 603 · see citing works
The startle probe response: A new measure of emotion?
Vrana, S. R., Spence, E. L., & Lang, P. J. (1988) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.97.4.487 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
WILLETT, J. B., SINGER, J. D., & MARTIN, N. C. (1998) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579498001667 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Emotion, novelty, and the startle reflex: Habituation in humans.
Bradley, M. M., Lang, P. J., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1993) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.107.6.970 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Jackson, D. C., Mueller, C. J., Dolski, I., Dalton, K. M., Nitschke, J. B., Urry, H. L., Rosenkranz, M. A., Ryff, C. D., Singer, B. H., & Davidson, R. J. (2003) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1473.x · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Emotion, novelty, and the startle reflex: Habituation in humans.
Bradley, M. M., Lang, P. J., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1993) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.107.6.970 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Fear appears fast: Temporal course of startle reflex potentiation in animal fearful subjects
Globisch, J., Hamm, A. O., Esteves, F., & Öhman, A. (1999) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1017/s0048577299970634 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Pictures as prepulse: Attention and emotion in startle modification
Bradley, M. M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (1993) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb02079.x · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Bradley, M. M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (1999) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511665523.010 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Affective reactions to briefly presented pictures
Codispoti, M., Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2001) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3830474 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Affective individual differences and startle reflex modulation.
Cook, E. W., Hawk, L. W., Davis, T. L., & Stevenson, V. E. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.100.1.5 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Digital Filtering: Background and Tutorial for Psychophysiologists
Cook, E. W., & Miller, G. A. (1992) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb01709.x · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Affective individual differences and startle reflex modulation.
Cook, E. W., Hawk, L. W., Davis, T. L., et al. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.1.5 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Fearfulness and Startle Potentiation during Aversive Visual Stimuli
Cook, E. W., Davis, T. L., Hawk, L. W., Spence, E. L., & Gautier, C. H. (1992) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02038.x · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Abel, K. M., Waikar, M. V., Pedro, B. M., Hemsley, D., & Geyer, M. A. (1998) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/026988119801200402 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Vanman, E. J., Mejia, V. Y., Dawson, M. E., Schell, A. M., & Raine, A. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(03)00052-7 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Early‐ and late‐onset startle modulation in unipolar depression
Dichter, G. S., Tomarken, A. J., Shelton, R. C., & Sutton, S. K. (2004) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.00162.x · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Temporal stability of the emotion-modulated startle response
Larson, C. L., Ruffalo, D., Nietert, J. Y., & Davidson, R. J. (2000) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3710092 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationModulation of the acoustic startle reflex by emotionally-toned film-clips
Kaviani, H., Gray, J. A., Checkley, S. A., Kumari, V., & Wilson, G. D. (1999) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(98)00063-4 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Startle modulation before, during and after exposure to emotional stimuli
Dichter, G. S., Tomarken, A. J., & Baucom, B. (2002) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(01)00170-2 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
The varying time courses of attentional and affective modulation of the startle eyeblink reflex
Vanman, E. J., Böhmelt, A. H., Dawson, M. E., & Schell, A. M. (1996) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb02365.x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Hawk, L. W., & Kowmas, A. D. (2003) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.00013 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Startle potentiation in aversive anticipation: Evidence for state but not trait effects
Nitschke, J. B., Larson, C. L., Smoller, M. J., Navin, S. D., Pederson, A. J. C., Ruffalo, D., Mackiewicz, K. L., Gray, S. M., Victor, E., & Davidson, R. J. (2002) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1017/s0048577202010156 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationStartle potentiation in aversive anticipation: Evidence for state but not trait effects
Nitschke, J. B., Larson, C. L., Smoller, M. J., et al. (2002) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3920254 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationIndependence of valence modulation and prepulse inhibition of startle
Hawk, L. W., & Cook, E. W. (2000) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3710005 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Robinson, J. D., & Vrana, S. R. (2000) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(00)00107-0 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Manber, R., Allen, J. J. B., Burton, K. W., & Kaszniak, A. W. (2000) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3750683 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The persistence of attention to emotion: Brain potentials during and after picture presentation.
Hajcak, G., & Olvet, D. M. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.8.2.250 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
The psychometric properties of the late positive potential during emotion processing and regulation
Moran, T. P., Jendrusina, A. A., & Moser, J. S. (2013) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2013.04.018 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
“Finally, Davidson and colleagues (Larson et al., 2000, 2005; Lee et al., 2009) have demonstrated moderate reliability (4.5) for EMG activity and startle modulation recorded during emotion processing and regulation.”
InfluentialTop-down and bottom-up factors in threat-related perception and attention in anxiety
Sussman, T. J., Jin, J., & Mohanty, A. (2016) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.08.006 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Sustained and transient modulation of performance induced by emotional picture viewing.
Pereira, M. G., Volchan, E., Souza, G. G. L., Oliveira, L., Campagnoli, R. R., Machado‐Pinheiro, W., & Pessoa, L. (2006) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.4.622 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“For instance, similar affective responses, including increased skin conductance responses and corrugator muscle activity, have been observed with brief stimuli (300–500 ms) and while viewing unpleasant pictures for longer (6-s) durations (Codispoti et al., 2001; Larson et al., 2005).”
Towards wireless emotional valence detection from EEG
Brown, L., Grundlehner, B., & Penders, J. (2011) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2011.6090412 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“nl) This paper focuses on using a wireless 8-channel EEG sensor to measure emotional valence in the brain, and investigating the potential of new features derived based on the dynamics of cognitive emotional processing [11], towards using hemispheric asymmetry for detecting emotional valence in real-life situations.”
BackgroundEmotional scenes and facial expressions elicit different psychophysiological responses
Alpers, G. W., Adolph, D., & Pauli, P. (2011) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.01.010 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Kaye, J. T., Bradford, D. E., & Curtin, J. J. (2016) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12663 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“The effect size across study visits of startle modulation to unpleasant pictures is large and has been observed to be stable (Larson et al., 2005; Lee et al., 2009), but for pleasant pictures is smaller and may be dependent on picture content (Manber et al., 2000).”
BackgroundInfluentialPrefrontal Mechanisms of Fear Reduction After Threat Offset
Klumpers, F., Raemaekers, M. A. H., Ruigrok, A. N. V., Hermans, E. J., Kenemans, J. L., & Baas, J. M. P. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.006 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Implicit attitudes to smoking are associated with craving and dependence
Waters, A. J., Carter, B. L., Robinson, J. D., Wetter, D. W., Lam, C. Y., & Cinciripini, P. M. (2007) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.05.024 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Future research could use brief picture presentations that may reveal a more immediate affective response (Larson et al., 2005).”
BackgroundKou, J., Zhang, Y., Zhou, F., Gao, Z., Yao, S., Zhao, W., Li, H., Lei, Y., Gao, S., Kendrick, K. M., et al. (2022) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000521348 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“…(PFC) regions being among the most consistently identified (Bishop et al., 2004; Calder et al., 2011; Calhoon & Tye, 2015; Etkin & Wager, 2007; Larson et al., 2005; Robinson et al., 2019; Tovote et al., 2015; Xu et al., 2021; Zhao et al., 2019) in a network mediating arousal, alertness and…”
BackgroundTest‐retest reliability of voluntary emotion regulation
Lee, H., Shackman, A. J., Jackson, D. C., & Davidson, R. J. (2009) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00830.x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“3Pearson correlations were conducted, rather than intraclass correlations, because the main concern was whether individual differences were stable, regardless of mean differences across assessments (Larson et al., 2000, 2005).”
InfluentialBekhtereva, V., Craddock, M. P., & Müller, M. M. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.03.052 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“The presentation duration of 200 ms was selected in order to allow for emotional content categorization but no further elaborative processing (Larson et al. 2005; Schupp, Junghöfer et al. 2004).”
BackgroundMethodAttar, C. H., & Müller, M. M. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037186 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Genetic and environmental influences on emotion‐modulated startle reflex: A twin study
Anokhin, A. P., Golosheykin, S., & Heath, A. C. (2006) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00486.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Genetic psychophysiology: Advances, problems, and future directions
Anokhin, A. P. (2014) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.04.003 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“However, there is another, more parsimonious explanation: test-retest assessments suggest very low individual stability of emotionmodulated startle (Larson et al., 2005; Lee et al., 2009), which casts doubt on the notion that it can serve as an indicator of stable, trait-like individual differences.”
BackgroundWirth, M. M., Scherer, S. M., Hoks, R. M., & Abercrombie, H. C. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.11.010 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Available research shows that many effects of pictures on physiological responses do not differ across different durations of presentation above conscious thresholds (Bradley et al., 2001; Codispoti et al., 2001; Larson et al., 2005; Smith et al., 2006 ).”
BackgroundSchönwald, L., & Müller, M. M. (2013) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22267 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“In contrast to the first two studies in which the background image remained visible for several seconds, brief presentation and masking is more suitable for assessing the immediate affective impact of a stimulus without further elaborative and (emotional) regulating processes inherent to longer presentation times [Lar…”
BackgroundResultHigh Psychopathic Trait Females Exhibit Reduced Startle Potentiation and Increased P3 Amplitude
Anderson, N. E., Stanford, M. S., Wan, L., & Young, K. A. (2011) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.998 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Müller, M. M., Andersen, . K., & Attar, C. H. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1997-11.2011 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“The short presentation time was chosen to allow for one fixation of the pictures only (Christianson et al., 1991) that affects initial orientation to emotional pictures (Calvo and Lang, 2004; Larson et al., 2005).”
BackgroundBekhtereva, V., & Müller, M. M. (2017) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-017-0530-z · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“However, the short presentation was still sufficient for the initial image content categorization (Larson et al., 2005; Thorpe et al., 1996) that triggers shifting of attentional resources away from the foreground stimuli toward the background images.”
BackgroundCosme, D., & Wiens, S. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119466 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“As in a previous study [43], each picture was displayed at fixation for 6 seconds followed by a randomized interval of 4–12 seconds (i.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialContagious yawning and psychopathy
Rundle, B. K., Vaughn, V. R., & Stanford, M. S. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.05.025 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Boecker, L., & Pauli, P. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.019 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Affect-modulated startle reflex and dopamine D4 receptor gene variation
Pauli, P., Conzelmann, A., Mucha, R. F., Weyers, P., Baehne, C. G., Fallgatter, A. J., Jacob, C., & Lesch, K. (2009) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00923.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Method development studies for repeatedly measuring anxiolytic drug effects in healthy humans
Klumpers, F., van Gerven, J., Prinssen, E., Niklson Roche, I., Roesch, F., Riedel, W., Kenemans, J., & Baas, J. (2010) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881109103115 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Berg, H., Hunt, C., Cooper, S. E., Olatunji, B., & Lissek, S. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103966 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Using Event-Related Potentials and Startle to Evaluate Time Course in Anxiety and Depression
Klumpp, H., & Shankman, S. A. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.09.004 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Pedersen, W. S., Schaefer, S. M., Gresham, L. K., Lee, S. D., Kelly, M. P., Mumford, J. A., Oler, J. A., & Davidson, R. J. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116428 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Negative emotional state slows down movement speed: behavioral and neural evidence
Li, X., Zhang, G., Zhou, C., & Wang, X. (2019) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.7591 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Images with the same emotional valence were presented together to induce a stable emotional state (Larson et al., 2005).”
BackgroundChen, X., Wang, C., Liu, W., Górowska, M. P., Wang, D., & Li, Y. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00230 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“For startle data recording, the Eye-blink Electromyographic (EMG) data were collected from the orbicularis oculi using two mini-electrodes placed below the left eye (Larson et al., 2005).”
MethodChen, X., Wang, C., Li, Y., & Sui, N. (2018) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.08.011 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Oren, N., Soroker, N., & Deouell, L. Y. (2013) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.09.033 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The Startle Probe Reflex: An Alternative Approach to the Measurement of Sexual Interest
Hecker, J. E., King, M. W., & Scoular, R. J. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9780470747551.ch10 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
WILLIAMS, A., & Rhudy, J. L. (2007) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.08.006 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Further, brief (500ms) and longer (6-s) pictures were both expected to modulate eyeblinks (Codispoti et al., 2001; Larson et al., 2005; Rhudy et al., 2007a).”
BackgroundNeuropsychological Correlates of Normal Variation in Emotional Response to Visual Stimuli
Robinson, R. G., Paradiso, S., Mizrahi, R., Fiedorowicz, J. G., Kouzoukas, D. E., & Moser, D. J. (2007) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000254482.44985.f6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“However, this method of inducing emotion is the most highly standardized for both valence and intensity across different types of emotion, and is a commonly used means of emotional induction (Larson et al., 2005).”
MethodNeural, Hormonal, and Cognitive Correlates of Metabolic Dysfunction and Emotional Reactivity
Wolf, T., Tsenkova, V. K., Ryff, C. D., Davidson, R. J., & Willette, A. A. (2018) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000582 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“For example, Larson and co-workers found that startle modulation of the eyeblink response disappears 4-7 seconds after a given picture disappears from the screen (41), suggesting that examining early A C C E TE D”
Hu, S., Rong, L., Han, J., Zhang, D., & Jiang, W. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3271522 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“A previous study has shown that emotional states can be regulated by viewing emotional pictures [38].”
BackgroundResolving ambiguity: Negative interpretation biases
Yoon, K. L., Shaffer, V. N., & Benedict, A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816660-4.00006-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Anxiety and initial value dependence in startle habituation
Faunce, J. A., Blumenthal, T. D., & Waugh, C. E. (2022) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14071 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“A low number of participants can yield sufficient power to detect effects in startle research (Kedzior et al., 2016; Larson et al., 2005), especially with the rigorous steps that our research team took to mitigate acoustic and electrical noise (e.”
BackgroundIs There a Negative Interpretation Bias in Depressed Patients? An Affective Startle Modulation Study
Käse, M., Dresler, T., Andreatta, M., Ehlis, A., Wolff, B., Kittel‐Schneider, S., Polak, T. T., Fallgatter, A. J., & Mühlberger, A. (2013) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000347086 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mather, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2016.00106 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“8:106. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00106”
BackgroundInfluentialStartle Reflex as a Physiological Measure of Emotion Regulation
Speed, B. C. (2012) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Fear Not: Neurobiological Mechanisms of Fear and Anxiety
Klumpers, F. (2007) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Tooley, M. (2015) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17012777 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Aftanas, L. I., Сидорова, П. В., Pavlov, S. V., Makhnev, V. P., Викторович, К. В., Reva, N. V., & Amstislavskaya, T. G. (2008) · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · doi:10.1007/s11055-008-9049-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The effects of EMSR are reproduced quite stably in a given subject [23, 24 ].”
BackgroundDispositional mindfulness and working memory in the context of acute stress.
Vines, L. (2014) · doi:10.18297/etd/1493 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nijjar, R. (2009) · Spectrum Research Repository (Concordia University)
Prefrontal Mechanisms of Fear Reduction After Threat
Klumpers, O., Hermans, E. J., & Kenemans, J. L. (2010)
Cosme, D. (2014) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Kaye, J. T., Bradford, D. E., & Curtin, J. J. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/3k92q
Şen, Z. D., Chand, T., Danyeli, L. V., Kumar, V., Čolić, L., Li, M., Yemisken, M., Javaheripour, N., Refisch, A., Opel, N., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-40099-4
Reflections on a Highly Multidisciplinary Career
Davidson, R. J. (2026) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026261424167 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…method, for example, electroencephalogram (Tomarken et al., 1992), functional-MRI connectivity measures (Schuyler et al., 2010), or startle (Larson et al., 2005), before we used that method to make inferences about individual differences, we were committed to first establishing the…”
- Authors
- Larson, C. L., Ruffalo, D., Nietert, J. Y., & Davidson, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Larson, Christine L.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-08-26
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 604-610
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2169437568
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 3.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh040747-14, 5k05mh000875-10)
- National Institute of Mental Health (P50-MH 52354, F31-MH12085, P50MH052354, MH40747, MH 43454, K05-MH 00875, F31MH012085)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- test-retest reliability, acoustic startle response, International Affective Picture System, emotion regulation, temporal stability
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Adolescent, Adult, Attention, Blinking, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Reaction Time, Sensory Thresholds, Reflex, Startle, Reproducibility of Results
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
