A multi-process account of startle modulation during affective perception
Abstract
Modulation of the startle reflex by sensory, attentional, and emotional processes was explored by presenting acoustic startle probes at various delays following picture onset. Within 500 ms of onset, blinks were first greatly facilitated and then inhibited, indicating prepulse facilitation and prepulse inhibition that did not vary with affect. Attention allocation to the picture continued across the viewing interval and was most pronounced for emotional pictures, as determined by attenuation of the P3 component to the startle probe. Startle potentiation for unpleasant pictures occurred later in the viewing interval and was strongest for highly arousing pictures. Taken together, the startle reflex during picture viewing is modulated by sequential and sometimes concurrent processes of prepulse facilitation, prepulse inhibition, attentional inhibition, and affective modulation, with reflex magnitude reflecting the net effect of multiple processes.
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The P3 to startle probes is reduced during viewing of arousing (unpleasant or pleasant) pictures versus neutral pictures.
“Specifically, the P3 to startle probes is reduced during viewing of arousing (unpleasant or pleasant) pictures versus neutral pictures [36, 37].”
From Self-Reported Trait Mindfulness and Affective Reactivity: A Motivational Approach Using Multiple Psychophysiological Measures (2015) · cites this paper as [37]
P3 amplitudes increased with longer probe intervals, with mean P3 amplitudes of 2.7 μV at 1500 ms, 3.1 μV at 4500 ms, and 3.5 μV at 7500 ms.
“Notably, a main effect of probe interval showed that P3 amplitudes increased with longer probe intervals (mean P3 amplitudes were 2.7 μV at 1500 ms, 3.1 μV at 4500 ms, and 3.5 μV at 7500 ms), consistent with previous findings [37].”
From Self-Reported Trait Mindfulness and Affective Reactivity: A Motivational Approach Using Multiple Psychophysiological Measures (2015) · cites this paper as [37]
The recording of the startle P3 showed the typical pattern of a positive wave peaking between 300 and 400 ms over central-parietal midline, as well as a general increase with probe interval after picture onset.
“Further, Fig. 4 shows that our recording of the startle P3 showed the typical pattern of a positive wave peaking between 300 and 400 ms over central-parietal midline [35, 36], as well as a general increase with probe interval after picture onset [37].”
From Self-Reported Trait Mindfulness and Affective Reactivity: A Motivational Approach Using Multiple Psychophysiological Measures (2015) · cites this paper as [37]
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- Authors
- Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., & Lang, P. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- University of Bologna (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Bradley, Margaret M.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-07-22
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 486-497
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2102507514
- Cited by
- 219
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 4.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (P50MH072850)
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (DE 13956, R01DE013956)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Keywords
- acoustic startle response, prepulse inhibition, prepulse facilitation, startle potentiation, emotion perception, emotional pictures, attentional inhibition, P300, arousal
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Arousal, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Photic Stimulation, Social Perception, Reflex, Startle
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