Pro‐regenerative properties of cytokine‐activated astrocytes
Open accessAbstract
The prevailing view of the astrocytic response to injury is that reactive astrocytes impede the regenerative process by forming scar tissue. As the levels of many cytokines dramatically increase following CNS insult and as this increase in cytokine expression precedes the production of the glial scar, a long‐standing view has been that cytokines diminish neuronal survival and regeneration by stimulating the formation of astrogliotic scar tissue. However, there is a wealth of data indicating that cytokines ‘activate’ astrocytes, and that cytokine‐stimulated astrocytes can promote the recovery of CNS function. Supporting evidence demonstrates that cytokine‐activated astrocytes produce energy substrates and trophic factors for neurons and oligodendrocytes, act as free radical and excess glutamate scavengers, actively restore the blood–brain barrier, promote neovascularization, restore CNS ionic homeostasis, promote remyelination and also stimulate neurogenesis from neural stem cells. Accordingly, a re‐assessment of cytokine‐activated astrocytes is necessary. Here, we review studies that promote the thesis that cytokines elicit potent neuroprotective and regenerative responses from astrocytes.
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In vitro studies in astrocytes have shown that cytokines such as TNF support the production of neuroprotective mediators.
“On the other hand, in vitro studies carried out in astrocytes have shown that cytokines such as TNF, among others, support the production of neuroprotective mediators [163].”
From Molecular Characterisation of the Mechanism of Action of Stimulant Drugs Lisdexamfetamine and Methylphenidate on ADHD Neurobiology: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [163]
The section “Cytokine-activated astrocytes promote neuronal survival” describes cultured astrocytes responding to cytokines by producing neurotrophic factors, supporting the general claim. Its examples include IL-1β and CNTF, but the passages do not show that TNF induces astrocytes to produce neuroprotective mediators; that specific example is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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“On the other hand, in vitro studies carried out in astrocytes have shown that cytokines such as TNF, among others, support the production of neuroprotective mediators [163].”
Background
- Authors
- Liberto, C. M., Albrecht, P. J., Herx, L. M., Yong, V. W., & Levison, S. W.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Albany Medical College (US)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Levison, S. W.
- Venue
- Journal of Neurochemistry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-04-26
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1092-1100
- ISSN
- 0022-3042 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-4159
- OpenAlex
- W1965933264
- Cited by
- 464
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 3.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neurochemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Spinal Cord Injury Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nerve injury and regeneration
- Keywords
- reactive astrocytes, glial scar, neuroprotection, central nervous system regeneration, neurogenesis, remyelination, blood-brain barrier, neovascularization, trophic factors, free radical scavenging, ion homeostasis, oligodendrocytes, neural stem cells, central nervous system injury
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Astrocytes, Central Nervous System, Gliosis, Humans, Nerve Regeneration, Cytokines
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