SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION

In the paper

“Palaeontological data, however, can test per-taxon speciation rates against maximum geographical ranges of species within lineages, circumventing this problem and showing a highly significant inverse relation between geographical range and speciation rate, at least in marine gastropods”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Jablonski and Roy 2003

In the paper

“All possible combinations of evolutionary tempo and mode have been recorded from the fossil record.”

In the paper

“the number of species varies by several orders of magnitude among those groups, and not all of them are still with us.”

In the paper

“the net macroevolutionary trend towards size increase in the Eocene mammal Hyopsodus emerges from an underlying dynamic containing three gradual size increases, one punctuational size increase, one period of size stasis and three gradual size decreases, i.e. gradualistic change was random with respect to the macroevolutionary outcome”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bookstein et al. 1978

In the paper

“Larval mode does improve the fit relative to the simplest model, but the model using geographical range as the predictor performs much better, and there is only a slight, non-significant increase in log-likelihood when adding larval mode as a second predictor”

In the paper

“It gives abundant evidence for the spatial volatility of species distributions, with the individualistic behaviour of most species through the Pleistocene and Holocene generating transient associations that lack precise equivalents on the modern landscape”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bennett 1997
• Not checked yetcites Jackson and Overpeck 2000
• Not checked yetcites Davis and Shaw 2001

In the paper

“By contrast, some authors have argued (convincingly, in my view) that the logic of natural selection and other evolutionary forces need not reside exclusively at the organismic level: differential success of heritable variation owing to interaction with the environment, the Darwinian dynamic, also occurs at higher and lower levels.”

In the paper

“Analyses restricted to a single time plane can be powerful, but can also be misleading or yield multiple alternatives because almost always they must deal with net diversification rates rather than the fundamental dynamic variables of raw speciation and extinction rates.”

In the paper

“Virtually all of these phenomena probably involve both ecological and developmental factors, but the integration of these components with macroevolutionary theory has only just begun.”

In the paper

“Scale and hierarchy must be incorporated into any conceptual framework for the study of macroevolution, i.e. evolution above the species level.”

• Also stated in: § SCALE AND HIERARCHY · plain

  “Scale and hierarchy are essential components of the conceptual framework for macroevolutionary analysis.”

In the paper

“hierarchical effects are asymmetrical, so that dynamics at a given focal level need not propagate upwards, but will always cascade downwards;”

In the paper

“Not only are many of the features promoting survivorship during background times ineffective during mass extinctions, but also they are replaced in at least some cases by higher-level, irreducible attributes such as clade-level geographical range.”

In the paper

“rates are generally, although not always, faster at lower hierarchical levels.”

In the paper

“whereas present-day populations show great responsiveness to directional selection over the short run, palaeontological observations on many species show a tendency to net stasis and fairly stable boundaries to phenotypic change through time”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Jackson and Cheetham 1999
• Not checked yetcites Gould 2002
• Not checked yetcites Eldredge et al. 2005

In the paper

“Indeed, palaeontological data can both provide the necessary empirical foundation for some clades, and test the power and accuracy of inferential methods with independent estimates of ancestral traits”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Polly 2001
• Not checked yetcites Webster and Purvis 2002a, b
• Not checked yetcites Finarelli and Flynn 2006

In the paper

“Operationally, emergent species-level properties such as geographical range can be recognized by testing whether their macroevolutionary effects are similar regardless of the different lower-level factors that produce them.”

In the paper

“Inferences on these character states are highly model-dependent and are generally saddled with wide confidence intervals”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Cunningham et al. 1998
• Not checked yetcites Martins 2000
• Not checked yetcites Pagel et al. 2004

In the paper

“the 'living fossil' members of the ancient molluscan class Monoplacophora, which are limpet-like forms that are apparently the outgroup to the rest of the living conchiferans (bivalves, gastropods, scaphopods, cephalopods), were often used to infer character states at the start of the great molluscan radiations but are now understood to be highly derived”

In the paper

“Large-scale evolutionary trends can be driven by transformation of species, preferential production of species in a given direction, differential origination or extinction, or any combination of these;”

In the paper

“Molecular phylogenetic methods provide an independent (though hardly infallible) basis for inferring evolutionary tree topologies but are largely uninformative about the phenotypes residing at key nodes”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Erwin et al. 1997
• Not checked yetcites Erwin and Davidson 2002
• Not checked yetcites Valentine 2006

In the paper

“Temporal and spatial patterns in the origin of major novelties and higher taxa are significantly discordant from those at the species and genus levels, suggesting complex hierarchical effects that remain poorly understood.”

In the paper

“Comparative developmental analysis can shed light on evolutionary transformations, but the rampant co-option of regulatory genes can make inferences about nodal forms extremely difficult,”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Valentine et al. 1999
• Not checked yetcites Erwin and Davidson 2002
• Not checked yetcites Valentine 2004

In the paper

“Third, there is differential speciation or extinction (i.e.differential survival and reproduction of species within clades) by virtue of the interaction of the emergent properties of species (such as geographical range or genetic population structure) with the biotic and physical environment.This is species selection in the strict sense.”

In the paper

“This approach, which is similar to Brandon's (1990) application of the statistical concept of 'screening-off', has often been tacitly applied at the organismic level.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Brandon 1990

In the paper

“The apparent temporal coherence in these assemblages could just as readily be a passive consequence of sampling artefacts, overlapping tolerances and rates of displacement,”

In the paper

“One relatively straightforward operational approach to identifying emergent properties is to treat a feature as emergent at a given level if its evolutionary consequences do not depend on how the feature is generated at lower levels”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Jablonski 2000
• Not checked yetcites Jablonski and Hunt 2006

In the paper

“For example, mean body size or pelt coloration may validly characterize species but are essentially statistical statements about organisms within the species; these have been termed aggregate properties to distinguish them from emergent ones”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Vrba and Eldredge 1984

In the paper

“The cohesion or discreteness of the interactor need not be absolute; indeed, such a requirement would exclude even organisms, the paradigmatic interactors: interactors thus reside at many levels in the biological hierarchy”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hull 1980
• Not checked yetcites Hull 2001
• Not checked yetcites Eldredge 1985

In the paper

“the biota is proving in many cases to be more dynamic than the earth beneath it.”

In the paper

“Evolution thus involves both replication (reproduction of 'individuals' with heritability) and interaction (fitness differentials among 'individuals'), and many authors have argued that the interplay of those two processes can shape lineages at any hierarchical level”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wright 1959
• Not checked yetcites Lewontin 1970
• Not checked yetcites Hull 1980

In the paper

“Second, there is differential extinction or speciation (i.e.differential survival and reproduction of species within clades) by virtue of the interaction of the phenotypes of bodies with the biotic and physical environment.This is effect macroevolution as defined by Vrba (1980;Vrba and Gould 1986).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Vrba 1980
• Not checked yetcites Vrba and Gould 1986

In the paper

“The most famous of these is the extraordinary frequency of net evolutionary stasis through the history of morphospecies despite the short-term malleability of most populations.”

In the paper

“Lewontin's (1970) classic prescription for evolution by natural selection requires heritable variation in traits that influence fitness of units at a given level.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Lewontin 1970

In the paper

“For the purposes of this discussion, consider three evolutionary processes that can occur simultaneously.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Vrba 1980
• Not checked yetcites Vrba and Gould 1986

In the paper

“The second and third processes are often grouped into broad-sense species selection, with the key criteria being emergent fitness at the species level, i.e. differential birth and death (replication) rather than emergent properties (interaction) at the species level”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Stanley 1979
• Not checked yetcites Gould 2002
• Not checked yetcites Grantham 1995

In the paper

“Thus, the mechanism of replication is less important than the descriptive, essentially statistical issue of heritability (Mayr 1982;Wagner 1988Wagner , 1990)), which can also be addressed at any hierarchical level.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Mayr 1982
• Not checked yetcites Wagner 1988

In the paper

“such dispersal events, and presumably regional extinctions, are probabilistic and not truly random”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Cook and Crisp 2005

In the paper

“dynamics at the species level can determine the persistence and number of genealogical units bearing wings within and among clades, and even the long-term persistence of such a trait”

In the paper

“the biased replication of selfish genetic elements with each cell cycle is rapid relative to the generation times of most metazoan organisms, which in turn are brief relative to the speciation rates of most metazoan clades”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gregory and Mable 2005
• Not checked yetcites Masterson 1994
• Not checked yetcites Tate et al. 2005

In the paper

“the number of replicating units decreases going up the hierarchy so that chance effects may become more important”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Stanley 1979
• Not checked yetcites Levinton et al. 1986
• Not checked yetcites Levinton 2001

In the paper

“such long-term changes can arise via a wide range of mechanisms, and that different dynamics can operate simultaneously, in opposition or in concert, at different levels”

In the paper

“In contrast to body size, geographical range is widely regarded as an emergent property at the species level, inversely related to both extinction and speciation rates”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Jablonski 1987
• Not checked yetcites Brown 1995
• Not checked yetcites Grantham 1995

In the paper

“the propagation of effects is asymmetrical: dynamics at lower levels need not impinge on higher levels but dynamics at higher levels must always propagate downwards”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Salthe 1985 source
• Not checked yetcites Valentine and May 1996

In the paper

“a trend may be underlain by transformation of its constituent species, by preferential origination of new species, by random speciation followed by differential survival or proliferation in the direction of the trend, or by any combination of these very different processes”

In the paper

“In extreme cases, taxa can weather a mass extinction only to disappear a few million years later, or fall into marginal roles.”

In the paper

“More puzzling are the clades that survive mass extinctions but fail to participate in the evolutionary recovery.”

In the paper

“most clades probably experience more complex pressures, and those may change over geological time-scales”

In the paper

“as in Patzkowsk's (1995) finding that bivalves and mammals produce more new genera relative to estimated speciation rates during postextinction recoveries than expected from 'normal' times.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Patzkowsk's (1995)

In the paper

“every new clade of high rank must begin with a new species, but when and where those clade-founding species occur evidently depends strongly on ecological context”

In the paper

“Such approaches have been little explored and will face difficulties pinpointing the focal level of selection, but are likely to produce novel insights”

In the paper

“When within-species anagenetic changes are significant, they can be reinforced by higher-level processes, or they may be unrelated to, or even counter to, the overall trend”

In the paper

“Historical context and the biological raw material available to a clade must be important to many aspects of macroevolution, and I have barely touched upon those aspects here.”

In the paper

“macroevolutionary principles reviewed here in no way invalidate the operation of the traditional neodarwinian mechanisms, but they expand evolutionary theory to a richer and more realistic picture of processes across a range of temporal and spatial scales and across hierarchical levels.”

In the paper

“Recoveries need not involve an across-the-board expansion of a surviving clade in morphospace, but can instead involve only subregions of the occupied morphospace or be channelled in just one or a few directions”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Dommergues et al. 1996
• Not checked yetcites Lockwood 2004
• Not checked yetcites McGowan 2004a

In the paper

“It is worth keeping in mind that if mass-extinction survivorship is simply indifferent, rather than truly antithetical, to many of the factors that promote success during the normal times that constitute the vast bulk of geological time, then some 'preadaptation' to mass extinction drivers should occur by chance (see discussion by Jablonski 2005a).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Jablonski 2005a

In the paper

“Just as survivors of mass extinctions can be difficult to predict from pre-extinction successes, long-term post-extinction successes are difficult to predict from the survivors of mass extinctions.”

In the paper

“Presumably, as with any large-scale biotic upheaval, the post-extinction trajectories of clades depend upon the interaction of intrinsic diversification rates (as set by organismic and higher-level traits), biotic interactions and physical environmental factors, along with stochastic effects.”

In the paper

“Recovery dynamics are poorly understood, in part because they have received so little attention from a comparative standpoint.”

In the paper

“Much of the comparative biology literature is an attempt to grapple with this possibility, phrased in terms of phylogenetic effects, but it has rarely been tested palaeontologically (but seeWagner 1996).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wagner 1996

In the paper

“The origins of major novelties and higher taxa need to be evaluated in terms of both scale and hierarchy”