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Development and cross-cultural translations of a 31-item quality of life in epilepsy inventory
Abstract
PURPOSE: We report the development of a questionnaire to assess health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL) in people with epilepsy and the process of cross-cultural translations of the questionnaire. METHODS: A sample of 304 adults with epilepsy from 25 seizure clinics in the United States was used to derive an abbreviated questionnaire focusing on epilepsy-related issues from a longer, 89-item instrument (QOLIE-89). A rigorous forward-backward-forward system was used for cross-cultural translation. RESULTS: A 31-item questionnaire (QOLIE-31, version 1.0) resulted, comprising seven subscales covering general and epilepsy-specific domains. Subscale and total scores can be calculated. The subscales were grouped into two factors: Emotional/Psychological Effects (seizure worry, overall QOL, emotional well-being, energy/fatigue subscales) and Medical/Social Effects (medication effects, work-driving-social limits, cognitive function subscales). Cross-cultural translations were made from U.S.-English into Danish, Dutch, German, Canadian French, French, Italian, Spanish, Swedish, and U.K. English Versions 1.1. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the reliability and validity of the QOLIE-31 (U.S.-English version 1.0) as a measure of HRQOLIE. Cross-cultural translations into nine other languages make it feasible to use the QOLIE-31 (version 1.1) in multinational clinical trials after validation in each population or concurrent with the clinical trial.
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“This scale was initially developed by Cramer et al. and showed acceptable reliability and validity in patients with epilepsy [32]”
From The Psychological Flexibility in Epilepsy Questionnaire (PFEQ): Psychometric properties of the Persian version (2022) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“The most commonly used scale for assessing HRQoL was the Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31/-31-P/-89 (QOLIE-31/31-P/-89). 51,52”
From Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of psychological treatments for people with epilepsy on health-related quality of life (2018) · cites this paper as [51]
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“QOLIE-31 has been shown to be reliable and valid in providing information on HRQoL in epilepsy (Cramer et al. 1998).”
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“The validity and reliability of the original QOLIE-31were demonstrated [16].”
BackgroundPuteikis, K., Jasionis, A., & Mameniškienė, R. (2025) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2025.110356 · Cited by 2
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“The Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory (QOLIE-31) [35, 36] was used to evaluate QOL (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.92).”
InfluentialEscoffery, C., Patel, A., Bullinger, K. L., McGee, R. E., Leung, J., Shade, T., Shankar, S., Johnson, E. K., Jobst, B. C., & Kiriakopoulos, E. T. (2025) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2025.110805 · Cited by 2
Preglej, L., Marinković, K., & Hečimović, H. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11111402 · Cited by 2
“In the same session, the MTLE patients completed the QOLIE-31 [50] which contains 31 questions providing self-assessment in seven domains: worries related to seizures, emotional well-being, energy/fatigue, cognitive functioning, medication side effects, social functioning, and the overall quality of life.”
MethodInfluentialReduction of the Adult Epilepsy Self-Management Measure Instrument (AESMMI)
Escoffery, C., Haardöerfer, R., Bamps, Y. A., McGee, R. E., Geiger, D., Quarells, R. C., Thompson, N. J., Patel, A., Anderson, M., & LaFrance, W. C., Jr. (2022) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108692 · Cited by 2
Sun, H., Chen, L., Chen, K., Li, B., & Wu, Z. (2022) · Journal of Healthcare Engineering · doi:10.1155/2022/4336622 · Cited by 3
“)e American quality of life in epilepsy (QOLIE-31) was used to evaluate the quality of life, which was compiled by Cramer and other experts in 1998 [7].”
MethodSarudiansky, M., Lanzillotti, A. I., Gerbaudo, M. A., Wolfzun, C., Kochen, S. S., Stivala, E. G., D’Alessio, L., & Korman, G. P. (2023) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109132 · Cited by 2
Smeets, J. J. A. S., Rijkers, K., Ackermans, L. P. C. M., Schijns, O. E. M. G., van Mastrigt, G. A. P. G., Rouhl, R. P. W., Wagner, G. L., van Kuijk, S. M. J., Nelissen, J., van Straaten, E. C. W., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-071575 · Cited by 2
Kellenaers, J., Rijkers, K., van Mastrigt, G. A. P. G., Schijns, O. E. M. G., Hoogland, G., Dings, J. T. A., van Kuijk, S. M. J., Vlooswijk, M. C. G., Wagner, L., Idema, S., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064263 · Cited by 2
Psychiatric Morbidity and its Impact on Quality of Life in Patients with Epilepsy
Malik, Y. K., Mattoo, S. K., Kharbanda, P. S., & Grover, S. (2021) · Journal of Mental Health and Human Behaviour · doi:10.4103/jmhhb.jmhhb_132_21 · Cited by 2
A five-point scale for assessing the quality of life of patients with epilepsy
Vlasov, P. N., Va, K., Жидкова, И. А., Khabibova, А. О., Azhigova, A. M., & Kharkovsky, V. (2024) · Neurology neuropsychiatry Psychosomatics · doi:10.14412/2074-2711-2024-1-71-74 · Cited by 2
Memory compromise at extended delays in people with new‐onset epilepsy
Pugh, R., Vaughan, D. N., Jackson, G. D., Ponsford, J. L., & Tailby, C. (2024) · Epilepsia Open · doi:10.1002/epi4.13022 · Cited by 2
“22 The latter tool was adapted to include experiences of ‘seizure(s) and/ or epilepsy’ in place of ‘epilepsy’ on certain items, and the option of ‘N/A’ for items relating to ASM.”
MethodDevelopment and psychometric evaluation of the epilepsy lifestyle questionnaire
Nadernejad, M., Shamsalinia, A., Ghadimi, R., Saadat, P., Ahangar, A. A., Gharagozli, K., & Ghaffari, F. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0298773 · Cited by 2
Choudhury, C., Sahib, A., Chaudhry, N., Gupta, M., Chandan, S. K., & Laskar, S. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.69228 · Cited by 2
“The overall score was the weighted average of all the domains’ scores, which were then converted to 0-100 according to a scoring manual [8].”
MethodLi, C., Chen, J., Tan, J., Xiao, Y., Deng, R., & Huang, H. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0305547 · Cited by 2
Mitchell, J., Batchelor, R., Adan, G., Noble, A. J., Williamson, P. R., & Marson, A. G. (2024) · Epilepsy Research · doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2024.107481 · Cited by 2
“The QOLIE-31 or QOLIE-31-P instruments and their social function sub-scale were most frequently used, accounting for 32 studies.”
InfluentialKalousios, S., Hesser, J., Dümpelmann, M., Baumgartner, C., Hamer, H. M., Hirsch, M., Imbach, L., Kaufmann, E., Kegele, J., Knake, S., et al. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-089903 · Cited by 2
Factors influencing quality of life in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy
Tani, A., & Adali, N. (2025) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1055/s-0045-1802552 · Cited by 2
“29,30 It comprises 31 items assessing 7 domains: Seizure Worry, Overall QoL, Emotional Wellbeing, Energy/Fatigue, Cognitive Functioning, Medication Effects, and Social Functioning.”
Ma, X., Shen, S., Xu, J., Yang, R., Li, J., & Zhou, D. (2025) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2025.110432 · Cited by 2
Elabbasy, D., Evers, S., Majoie, M., Schijns, O. E. M. G., M’Rabet, L., van Kranen-Mastenbroek, V. H. J. M., Eekers, D. B. P., Houben, R. M. A., Hendriks, M., Colon, A., et al. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-095123 · Cited by 2
“P, 25 an epilepsy-specific questionnaire.”
Quality of life among patients with epilepsy in the western region of KSA: A cross-sectional study
Almarwani, B. M., Alahmadi, M. J., Alharbi, S. T., Alrehaili, M. A., Dabi, M. M., Benthami, R. K., & Alsaeedi, S. N. (2025) · Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jtumed.2025.10.002 · Cited by 2
“19 According to a systematic review and meta-analysis of public awareness and attitudes toward epilepsy in KSA, most prior studies were conducted in the Riyadh and Makkah regions (central and western KSA, respectively), whereas only several were conducted in regions such as Qassim (central), Aseer…”
Idiopathisch generalisierte Epilepsien
von Podewils, F., & Geithner, J. (2015) · Clinical Epileptology · doi:10.1007/s10309-015-0422-6 · Cited by 2
Patients with resistant focal epilepsy: what affects the quality of life?
Firsov, K. V., Грантович, А. М., & Котов, А. С. (2019) · Epilepsy and Paroxysmal Conditions · doi:10.17749/2077-8333.2019.11.3.233-243 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Cramer, J. A., Perrine, K., Devinsky, O., Bryant‐Comstock, L., Meador, K., & Hermann, B.
- Affiliations
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System (US)
- New York University Langone Orthopedic Hospital (US)
- Augusta University (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cramer, Joyce A.
- Venue
- Epilepsia
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1998-01
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 81-88
- ISSN
- 0013-9580 (ISSN-L)
- 1528-1167
- OpenAlex
- W2021074267
- Cited by
- 782
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 6.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Epilepsia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Epilepsy research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
- Keywords
- epilepsy, health-related quality of life, QOLIE-31, QOLIE-89, cross-cultural translation, questionnaire development, seizure worry, medication effects, fatigue, cognitive function, psychometric validation, international clinical trials
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Canada, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Epilepsy, Europe, Female, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Quality of Life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Translations, United States, Reproducibility of Results, Sickness Impact Profile
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