The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Basal hypercortisolism and trauma in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures
Open accessAbstract
Summary: Purpose: Several studies have indicated that psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are associated with psychological trauma, but only a few studies have examined the associations with neurobiologic stress systems, such as the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and its end‐product cortisol. We tested several relevant HPA‐axis functions in patients with PNES and related them to trauma history. Methods: Cortisol awakening curve, basal diurnal cortisol, and negative cortisol feedback (using a 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test) were examined in 18 patients with PNES and 19 matched healthy controls (HCs) using saliva cortisol sampling on two consecutive days at 19 time points. Concomitant sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity was assessed by analyzing saliva α‐amylase (sAA). Results: Patients with PNES showed significantly increased basal diurnal cortisol levels compared to HCs. This effect was driven mainly by patients reporting sexual trauma who showed a trend toward higher cortisol levels as compared to patients without a sexual trauma report. Importantly, the increased basal diurnal cortisol levels in patients were not explained by depression, medication, or smoking, or by current seizures or group differences in SNS activity. Discussion: This is the first study showing that basal hypercortisolism in patients with PNES is independent of the acute occurrence of seizures. In addition, basal hypercortisolism was more pronounced in traumatized patients with PNES as compared to nontraumatized patients with PNES. These findings suggest that HPA‐axis activity provides a significant neurobiologic marker for PNES.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2022) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787 · Cited by 23,476
(1998) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · Cited by 19,139
Kirschbaum, C., Pirke, K.-M., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2008) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000119004 · Cited by 6,093
The mini international neuropsychiatric interview
Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, D. V., Hergueta, T., & Weiller, E. (1998) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(99)80239-9 · Cited by 5,899
Pruessner, J. C., Kirschbaum, C., Meinlschmid, G., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2003) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(02)00108-7 · Cited by 3,638
Salivary cortisol in psychoneuroendocrine research: recent developments and applications
Kirschbaum, C., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1994) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/0306-4530(94)90013-2 · Cited by 2,107
Heim, C. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.284.5.592 · Cited by 1,968
The potential role of hypocortisolism in the pathophysiology of stress-related bodily disorders
Heim, C., Ehlert, U., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2000) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(99)00035-9 · Cited by 1,688
(2000) · PubMed · Cited by 676
Cortisol and post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Meewisse, M.-L., Reitsma, J. B., De Vries, G.-J., Gersons, B. P. R., & Olff, M. (2007) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.024877 · Cited by 661
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–132 of 132
Hypertension and other vascular risk factors in patients with functional seizures
Fox, J., & Mishra, M. (2024) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.109650 · Cited by 4
Orienting reaction may help recognition of patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures
Yalçın, M., Tellioğlu, E., Gündüz, A., Özmen, M., Yeni, N., Özkara, Ç., & Kızıltan, M. E. (2017) · Neurophysiologie Clinique · doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2017.02.005 · Cited by 3
Diagnostic perspective in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: An overview
Singh, P. K., Singh, T., Mishra, V., Chaurasia, R. N., Tiwari, T., Singh, I. L., & Singh, A. K. (2018) · Annals of Indian Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/aip.aip_20_18 · Cited by 2
Prosopagnosia as a Type of Conversion Disorder
Power, C., Hannigan, O., Coen, R. F., Bruce, I., Gibb, M., McCarthy, M., Robinson, D. W., & LAWLOR, B. A. (2018) · Case Reports in Psychiatry · doi:10.1155/2018/5972954 · Cited by 2
Cushing’s Disease Presenting with Functional Neurological (Conversion) Disorder
Ashrafzadeh, S., Mariano, M. T., & Syed, S. (2023) · Case Reports in Psychiatry · doi:10.1155/2023/1662271 · Cited by 3
EMOTION-MOTION INTERACTIONS IN CONVERSION DISORDER: AN FMRI STUDY
Nicholson, T. R., Aybek, S., O’Daly, O., Zelaya, F. O., Kanaan, R., & David, A. S. (2015) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2015-311750.43 · Cited by 2
Polyallergy as a Proxy: Premature Yet Promising
Jimenez, X. F., & Tesar, G. E. (2015) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2015.01.002 · Cited by 2
Functional Nonepileptic Seizures: Diagnosis, Comorbidity, Pathophysiology, and Management
Kabli, M. R., Khasnavis, S., & Lane, C. E. (2023) · Current Geriatrics Reports · doi:10.1007/s13670-023-00385-5 · Cited by 1
Fox, J., Bollig, M. K., Mishra, M., & Jacobs, M. L. (2024) · Epilepsy Research · doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2024.107340 · Cited by 1
Ghrelin Regulation in Epilepsy
Prodam, F., Bellone, S., Ricotti, R., Genoni, G., Caputo, M., & Bo, G. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/21680 · Cited by 1
Crisi non epilettiche psicogene (CNEP)
de Toffol, B., Biberon, J., Hingray, C., & El‐Hage, W. (2016) · EMC - Neurologia · doi:10.1016/s1634-7072(16)77533-7 · Cited by 1
Psychogenic Non-epileptic Seizures: An Update on Diagnosis and Management
Misciagna, S. (2024) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1005425 · Cited by 1
A resident′s (unique) position on non-epileptic seizures
Krishnan, V. (2013) · Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology · doi:10.4103/0972-2327.116938 · Cited by 1
Hamrah, M. P., Rezaei–Tavirani, M., Movahedi, M., & Karvigh, S. A. (2020) · Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.22037/aaem.v8i1.593 · Cited by 1
Hingray, C., Maillard, L. G., Schwan, R., & Reuber, M. (2015) · Dunod eBooks · doi:10.3917/dunod.thoma.2015.01.0084 · Cited by 1
Management Considerations for Pediatric Functional Movement Disorder
Kozlowska, K. (2022) · Current clinical neurology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-86495-8_31 · Cited by 1
Emotion Processing In Children with Conversion Disorders: A Developmental and Relational Perspective
Kozłowska, K. (2012) · UPT. Syiah Kuala University Library (Syiah Kuala University)
Examining implicit cognition in people with seizures
Dimaro, L. V. (2013) · Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)
Psychogenic Attacks and Epilepsy
McCoy, B., & Benbadis, S. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118951026.ch16
Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures : the identification of neurophysiological correlates
van der Kruijs, S. J. M. (2014) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20140624sk
Understanding epileptic and non-epileptic seizures: A biopsychosocial perspective
Gurr, B. (2017) · International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation · doi:10.12968/ijtr.2017.24.7.280
Emotion and motor function: a clinical and developmental perspective
McSweeney, M. (2019) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
Psychogene nicht-epileptische Anfälle
Labudda, K. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-59198-7_41
Aybek, S. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397025-1.00127-5
Functional Neurological Symptoms: A Potential Sentinel of Neurological and Mental Health Disorders
Sajin, V., & Macerollo, A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97906-5_15
Assessment of Spells and Seizures in the Outpatient Setting
Feyissa, A. M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190067854.003.0016
Crisi psicogene non epilettiche (funzionali/dissociative)
Leroy, A., Tarrada, A., Garcin, B., & Hingray, C. (2023) · EMC - Neurologia · doi:10.1016/s1634-7072(22)47362-4
Le grand livre du trauma complexe. De l'enfant à l'adulte
Leroy, A., & Hingray, C. (2023) · Dunod eBooks · doi:10.3917/dunod.mengi.2023.01.0186
Psychogenic Non-epileptic Seizures (PNES) Association with Trauma
Grewal, D. K., Goodman, C., Hebron, L., Weinman, J. A., & Brown, L. M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08956-5_2510-1
Crises psychogènes non épileptiques (fonctionnelles/dissociatives)
Leroy, A., Tarrada, A., Garcin, B., & Hingray, C. (2022) · HAL · doi:10.1016/s0246-1072(22)43624-8
Read, C., Rupar, M. J., Autar, K., Kotchey, G. P., Hanson, H. M., Baños, R., Kaatz, G. J., Botlick, B. L., Honore, C., Braxton, A. N., et al. (2026) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/d6lc00226a
Metadata
- Authors
- Bakvis, P., Spinhoven, P., Giltay, E. J., Kuyk, J., Edelbroek, P. M., Zitman, F. G., & Roelofs, K.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University (NL)
- Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Bakvis, Patricia
- Venue
- Epilepsia
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-04-22
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 752-759
- ISSN
- 0013-9580 (ISSN-L)
- 1528-1167
- OpenAlex
- W2145734985
- Semantic Scholar
- 38d3ffde048de3c47e3eb903791507a8ada80a0e
- Cited by
- 132
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 3.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Epilepsia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Universiteit Leiden
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (451-02-115)
- Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Epilepsy research and treatment
- Keywords
- psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, hypercortisolism, psychological trauma, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cortisol, sexual trauma, dexamethasone suppression test, cortisol awakening response, diurnal cortisol rhythm, sympathetic activity, alpha-amylase
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Circadian Rhythm, Cushing Syndrome, Dexamethasone, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Male, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Saliva, Seizures, Sex Factors, Sex Offenses, Stress, Psychological, Biomarkers, Salivary alpha-Amylases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
