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Cited by 149Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchCognitive Functions and MemoryAging, Health, and Disability

Executive Control Mediates Memory's Association with Change in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living: The Freedom House Study

Royall, Donald R., Palmer, Raymond, Chiodo, Laura K., Polk, Marsha J.·2005·Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
DOI 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53004.x
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Abstract

Objectives: To assess the relative independent contribution of changes in executive control function (ECF) and memory to changes in functional status. Design: Three‐year longitudinal cohort study. Setting: A comprehensive care retirement community. Participants: Five hundred forty‐seven noninstitutionalized people aged 70 and older. Measurements: The California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) and Executive Interview (EXIT25). Functional status was assessed using instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). Latent growth curves of CVLT, EXIT25, and IADLs were modeled. The rate of change in IADLs (adjusted for baseline IADLs and cognition) was regressed on the rate of change in each cognitive measure. Models were also adjusted for baseline age, level of care, and comorbid illnesses. Results: There was significant variability around the baseline means and slopes for all variables. The rate of change in EXIT25 was independently correlated with the rate of change in IADLs (correlation coefficient ( r )=−0.52, P <.001). This remained significant after adjusting for baseline EXIT25 scores, IADLs, age, comorbid disease, and level of care. The EXIT25's effect on the rate of change in IADLs was stronger than those of age, baseline IADLs, comorbid disease, or level of care. The rate of change in CVLT scores was not significantly associated with the rate of change in IADLs. Conclusion: ECF is a strong, significant, and independent correlate of functional status in normal aging. In contrast, decline in memory, as measured using the CVLT, has no independent association with the rate of change in functional status. This suggests that amnestic mild cognitive impairment can be associated with dementia only though the subsequent or comorbid development of ECF impairment.

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  • Executive planning and organizational skills are important to maintaining functional independence.

    “Executive planning and organizational skills appear to be important to maintaining functional independence (4–7) and appear to be particularly vulnerable to declines at later ages (8–10) along with the prefrontal cortical regions of the brain that support them (11–14).”

    From Evidence for Neurocognitive Plasticity in At-Risk Older Adults: The Experience Corps Program (2009) · cites this paper as [7]

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Authors
Royall, D. R., Palmer, R., Chiodo, L. K., & Polk, M. J.
Affiliations
The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2004-12-22
Volume
53
Issue
1
Pages
11-17
ISSN
  • 0002-8614 (ISSN-L)
  • 1532-5415
DOI
10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53004.x
OpenAlex
W1602068217
Cited by
149
References
35
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 14
FWCI
5.80
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
Keywords
executive function, memory decline, instrumental activities of daily living, functional status, normal aging, older adults, retirement communities, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, dementia, California Verbal Learning Test, latent growth curve models
MeSH terms
Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Cognition, Dementia, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Memory Disorders, Comorbidity

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