The Co‐Occurrence of Chronic Diseases and Geriatric Syndromes: The Health and Retirement Study
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OBJECTIVES: To analyze the co‐occurrence, in adults aged 65 and older, of five conditions that are highly prevalent, lead to substantial morbidity, and have evidence‐based guidelines for management and well‐developed measures of medical care quality. DESIGN: Secondary data analysis of the 2004 wave of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). SETTING: Nationally representative health interview survey. PARTICIPANTS: Respondents in the 2004 wave of the HRS aged 65 and older. MEASUREMENTS: Self‐reported presence of five index conditions (three chronic diseases (coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and diabetes mellitus) and two geriatric syndromes (urinary incontinence and injurious falls)) and demographic information (age, sex, race, living situation, net worth, and education). RESULTS: Eleven thousand one hundred thirteen adults, representing 37.1 million Americans aged 65 and older, were interviewed. Forty‐five percent were aged 76 and older, 58% were female, 8% were African American, and 4% resided in a nursing home. Respondents with more conditions were older and more likely to be female, single, and residing in a nursing home (all P <.001). Fifty‐six percent had at least one of the five index conditions, and 23% had two or more. Of respondents with one condition, 20% to 55% (depending on the index condition) had two or more additional conditions. CONCLUSION: Five common conditions (3 chronic diseases, 2 geriatric syndromes) often co‐occur in older adults, suggesting that coordinated management of comorbid conditions, both diseases and geriatric syndromes, is important. Care guidelines and quality indicators, rather than considering one condition at a time, should be developed to address comprehensive and coordinated management of co‐occurring diseases and geriatric syndromes.
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Older adults generally take more medications than the average individual and many have poor adherence.
“Older adults (defined here as those aged ≥65 years) have multiple chronic diseases [1] and consequently take far more medications than the average individual [2].”
Older adults (defined as those aged ≥65 years) have multiple chronic diseases.
“Older adults (defined here as those aged ≥65 years) have multiple chronic diseases [1]”
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- Authors
- Lee, P. G., Cigolle, C., & Blaum, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 511-516
- ISSN
- 0002-8614 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5415
- OpenAlex
- W1592920221
- Cited by
- 264
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 9.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- Hartford Foundation for Public Giving
- National Institutes of Health (1f32ag027649-01)
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center
- National Institute on Aging (R01 AG021493A, R01AG021493, 1F32AG027649-01)
- National Center for Research Resources
- NIH Clinical Center
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Chronic Disease Management Strategies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Keywords
- chronic disease, geriatric syndromes, multimorbidity, comorbidities, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, urinary incontinence, injurious falls, older adults, nursing home residents, sex differences, living arrangements, net worth
- MeSH terms
- Accidental Falls, Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Angina Pectoris, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Health Surveys, Heart Failure, Humans, Male, Myocardial Infarction, Sick Role, Syndrome, United States, Urinary Incontinence, Geriatric Assessment, Comorbidity
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