Cited by 636Frailty in Older AdultsNutrition and Health in AgingPharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes

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A Comparison of Frailty Indexes for the Prediction of Falls, Disability, Fractures, and Mortality in Older Men

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Ensrud, Kristine E., Ewing, Susan K., Cawthon, Peggy M., Fink, Howard A., Taylor, Brent C., Cauley, Jane A., Dam, Thuy‐Tien, Marshall, Lynn M., Orwoll, Eric S., Cummings, Steven R., for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Research Group·2009·Journal of the American Geriatrics Society

DOI 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02137.xPMC PMC2861353

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To compare the validity of a parsimonious frailty index (components: weight loss, inability to rise from a chair, and poor energy (Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) index)) with that of the more complex Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) index (components: unintentional weight loss, low grip strength, poor energy, slowness, and low physical activity) for prediction of adverse outcomes in older men. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Six U.S. centers. PARTICIPANTS: Three thousand one hundred thirty‐two men aged 67 and older. MEASUREMENTS: Frailty status categorized as robust, intermediate stage, or frail using the SOF index and criteria similar to those used in CHS index. Falls were reported three times for 1 year. Disability (≥1 new impairments in performing instrumental activities of daily living) ascertained at 1 year. Fractures and deaths ascertained during 3 years of follow‐up. Analysis of area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) statistics compared for models containing the SOF index versus those containing the CHS index. RESULTS: Greater evidence of frailty as defined by either index was associated with greater risk of adverse outcomes. Frail men had a higher age‐adjusted risk of recurrent falls (odds ratio (OR)=3.0–3.6), disability (OR=5.3–7.5), nonspine fracture (hazard ratio (HR)=2.2–2.3), and death (HR=2.5–3.5) ( P <.001 for all models). AUC comparisons revealed no differences between models with the SOF index and models with the CHS index in discriminating falls (AUC=0.63, P =.97), disability (AUC=0.68, P =.86), nonspine fracture (AUC=0.63, P =.90), or death (AUC=0.71 for model with SOF index and 0.72 for model with CHS index, P =.19). CONCLUSION: The simple SOF index predicts risk of falls, disability, fracture, and mortality in men as well as the more‐complex CHS index.

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Early recognition of risk factors for adverse outcomes during hospitalization among Medicare patients: a prospective cohort study
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Background
Time Spent in Sedentary Behaviour as Discriminant Criterion for Frailty in Older Adults
da Silva, V. D., Tribess, S., Meneguci, J., Sasaki, J. E., Santos, D. D. A. T., Carneiro, J. A. O., & Júnior, J. S. V. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15071336 · Cited by 34
Spatio-temporal gait variables predicted incident disability
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“Finally, health-related quality of life was evaluated using the Short Form (36) Health Survey (SF-36), which assesses self-perceived physical and mental health status (39, 40).”
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Benton, E. A., Liteplo, A. S., Shokoohi, H., Loesche, M. A., Yacoub, S., Thatphet, P., Wongtangman, T., & Liu, S. W. (2020) · The American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.07.081 · Cited by 33
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Method
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Shim, E. Y., Hyun, S., Hong, S. H., Lee, Y. S., Paik, W. Y., Seo, D. S., Yoo, E. Y., Kim, M. Y., & Yoon, J. L. (2011) · Korean Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.4082/kjfm.2011.32.4.249 · Cited by 33
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Background
Cystatin C and Frailty in Older Men
Hart, A., Paudel, M. L., Taylor, B. C., Ishani, A., ORWOLL, E. S., Cawthon, P. M., Ensrud, K. E., & Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study Group (2013) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.12413 · Cited by 32
“Measurements used to define the components of shrinking, poor energy, and low physical activity were similar but not identical to those used in the original phenotype proposed (Table S1).(6,7)”
ResultSelf-citation
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“Frailty is also thought to have an enormous effect on future deterioration in activities of daily living (ADL), disability, hospitalization, and death [3].”
Background
The relationship between frailty syndrome and quality of life in older patients following acute coronary syndrome
Uchmanowicz, I., Lisiak, M., Wleklik, M., Gurowiec, P. J., & Kałużna‐Oleksy, M. (2019) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s204121 · Cited by 32
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“Whilst beyond the scope of the present study, there is an abundance of evidence showing that frailty is a significant risk factor for other adverse events including falls, fractures [42], hospitalisation [20, 41], institutionalisation into long term care [44, 45] and death [16, 21, 45].”
Background
Use of complementary medications among older adults with cancer
Maggiore, R. J., Gross, C. P., Togawa, K., Tew, W. P., Mohile, S. G., Owusu, C., Klepin, H. D., Lichtman, S. M., Gajra, A., Ramani, R., et al. (2012) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.27427 · Cited by 31
“7 90 [40-100]”
Frailty Assessment in the Emergency Department
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“Similarly, among older men in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study, frailty defined using either the Fried phenotype or a more parsimonious index, predicted short term recurrent falls in addition to incident disability, fracture and mortality [42].”
Background
Screening elderly cancer patients for disabilities: evaluation of study of osteoporotic fractures (SOF) index and comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA)
Luciani, A., Dottorini, L., Battisti, N. M. L., Bertuzzi, C., Caldiera, S., Floriani, I., Zonato, S., Ferrari, D., & Foa, P. (2012) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/annonc/mds471 · Cited by 30
“disability, fractures and mortality as well as the more complex CHS index [19, 20].”
Background
Comparing SF-36® scores versus biomarkers to predict mortality in primary cardiac prevention patients
Lahoud, R. N., Chongthammakun, V., Wu, Y., Hawwa, N., Brennan, D. M., & Cho, L. (2017) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2017.05.026 · Cited by 30
“026 tests used as risk stratification tools [27,28].”
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Basic Assessment of the Older Cancer Patient
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Carneiro, J. A., Ramos, G. C. F., Barbosa, A. T. F., Vieira, É. D. S., Silva, J. S. R., & Caldeira, A. P. (2016) · Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia · doi:10.1590/1809-98232016019.150110 · Cited by 29
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Relationship between frailty and mortality after gastrectomy in older patients with gastric cancer
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Physical Frailty Assessment in Older Women: Can Simplification Be Achieved Without Loss of Syndrome Measurement Validity?
Xue, Q., Tian, J., Fried, L. P., Kalyani, R. R., Varadhan, R., Walston, J. D., & Bandeen‐Roche, K. (2016) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwv272 · Cited by 28
“, missing data on walking speed) (14, 15) or the desire for simplifications to promote speed and ease of patient evaluation in clinical practice (e.”
Background
Prospective Associations Between Diffusion Tensor Imaging Parameters and Frailty in Older Adults
Maltais, M. L., Barreto, P. D. S., Perus, L., Mangin, J., Grigis, A., Marie Chupin, A., Bouyahia, A., Gabelle, A., Delrieux, J., Rolland, Y., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.16343 · Cited by 28
Self-citation
Factors Associated With Improving or Worsening the State of Frailty: A Secondary Data Analysis of a 5‐Year Longitudinal Study
Cheung, D. S. K., Kwan, R. Y. C., Wong, A. S. W., Ho, L. Y. W., Chin, K. C. W., Liu, J. Y. W., Tse, M. Y. M., & Lai, C. K. Y. (2020) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/jnu.12588 · Cited by 29
Associations of older adults' physical activity and bout-specific sedentary time with frailty status: Compositional analyses from the NEIGE study
Kikuchi, H., Inoue, S., Amagasa, S., Fukushima, N., Machida, M., Murayama, H., Fujiwara, T., CHASTIN, S. F. M., Owen, N. G., & Shobugawa, Y. (2020) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2020.111149 · Cited by 28
Management of osteoporosis in older men
Kaufman, J. (2021) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-021-01845-8 · Cited by 31
“Different measures reflecting particular aspects of impaired physical performance have been associated with risk of incident falls in older men, including lower extremity disability and foot problems [27], balance and gait abnormalities [27], low activity level with poor physical performance [28], Parkinson’s disease…”
Background
Association between Oral Frailty and Physical Frailty among Rural Middle-Old Community-Dwelling People with Cognitive Decline in Taiwan: A Cross-Sectional Study
Kuo, Y., & Lee, J.-D. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19052884 · Cited by 28
Multidimensional sleep health is associated with physical frailty in a national sample of Taiwanese community-dwelling older adults: Sex matters
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“Previous studies have shown that individual sleep characteristics are significantly related to frailty.(4,6,7) Our findings show that the probability of being frail is reduced with the increment in the sleep health composite score and that only daytime alertness among the 5 sleep health dimensions was significantly as…”
Background
Fragilidad y su asociación con mortalidad, hospitalizaciones y dependencia funcional en mexicanos de 60 años o más
de León‐González, E. D., Pérez, H. E. T., Hermosillo, H. G., Rodríguez, J. A. C., & Torres, G. (2012) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2011.03.024 · Cited by 28
Evaluation of insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) level and its impact on muscle and bone mineral density in frail elderly male
Mohamad, M. I., & Khater, M. S. (2014) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2014.08.011 · Cited by 29
“(ii) Frailty defined by the study of osteoporotic fractures (SOF) frailty index (Ensrud et al., 2009): Frailty was identified by the presence of 2 or more of the following 3 components (a) unintended weight loss of 5% or more during the last year; (b) the subject’s inability to rise from a chair 5 times without using…”
Background
Fragilidad en el adulto mayor: detección, intervención en la comunidad y toma de decisiones en el manejo de enfermedades crónicas
Tello-Rodríguez, T., & Pinedo, L. V. (2016) · Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública · doi:10.17843/rpmesp.2016.332.2207 · Cited by 28
Frailty and rheumatic diseases: evidence to date and lessons learned
Lieber, S. B., Wysham, K. D., Sattui, S. E., Yung, R. L., & Misra, D. (2024) · The Lancet Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/s2665-9913(24)00191-7 · Cited by 27
Frailty and Biomarkers of Frailty Predict Outcome in Veterans After Open and Endovascular Revascularization
Gonzalez, L., Kassem, M. M., Owora, A. H., Seligson, M. T., Richards, C., Monita, M. M., Cardounell, S. Z., Brangman, S. A., & Gahtan, V. (2019) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2019.06.040 · Cited by 27
The Co-Occurrence Of Frailty (Accumulation Of Functional Deficits) And Depressive Symptoms, And Its Effect On Mortality In Older Adults: A Longitudinal Study
Chang, H., Fang, H., Ting, T., Liang, J., Chuang, S., Hsu, C., Wu, C.-I., & Pan, W. (2019) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s210072 · Cited by 27
“All models are linked to falls, sarcopenia,(13) health conditions,(14) use of health care,(2,14) and mortality.(12) Rockwood and colleagues used the accumulation of functional deficits to define frailty.”
Background
Effect of various exercises on frailty among older adults with subjective cognitive concerns: a randomised controlled trial
Huang, C., Umegaki, H., Makino, T., Uemura, K., Hayashi, T., Kitada, T., Inoue, A., Shimada, H., & Kuzuya, M. (2020) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afaa086 · Cited by 27
Dietary Inflammatory Index and the Risk of Frailty Among Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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“Frailty is one of the most common syndromes in older adults and poses significant health risks such as incident disability, hospitalization, falls and mortality (Bandeen-Roche et al., 2006; Ensrud et al., 2009; Fried et al., 2001; Gill et al., 2006; Graham et al., 2009).”
Background
Prevalence of Physical Frailty: Results from the DO-HEALTH Study
Gagesch, M., Chocano-Bedoya, P. O., Abderhalden, L. A., Freystaetter, G., Sadlon, A., Kanis, J. А., Kressig, R. W., Guyonnet, S., DaSilva, J. A. P., Felsenberg, D., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Frailty & Aging · doi:10.14283/jfa.2021.18 · Cited by 27
“is a condensed three-item variant of the Fried PFP including only the variables for weakness, involuntary weight loss, and fatigue (26, 36).”
Background
Health Literacy and Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Evidence from a Nationwide Cohort Study in South Korea
Shin, H., Choi, E. Y., Kim, S.-K., Lee, H. Y., & Kim, Y.-S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18157918 · Cited by 30
“Frailty is associated with adverse health outcomes, including falls, hospitalization, poor quality of life, and mortality [2,3].”
Background
Frailty as a predictor of neurosurgical outcomes in brain tumor patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Zhu, J., Xu, Q., Wang, F., Yuan, P., Cuiling, J., & Chen, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1126123 · Cited by 30
“Patients with frailty are at a high risk of poor health outcomes, and frailty has been explored as a predictor of adverse events, such as perioperative complications, readmissions, falls, disability, and mortality in the neurosurgical literature (11, 12).”
Background
Serum Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate and Adverse Health Outcomes in Older Men and Women
Forti, P., Maltoni, B., Olivelli, V., Pirazzoli, G. L., Ravaglia, G., & Zoli, M. (2012) · Rejuvenation Research · doi:10.1089/rej.2011.1248 · Cited by 24
Habitual fish intake negatively correlates with prevalence of frailty among patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Minamino, H., Katsushima, M., Torii, M., Hashimoto, M., Fujita, Y., Ikeda, K., Yamamoto, W., Watanabe, R., Murakami, K., Murata, K., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-84479-0 · Cited by 27
Frailty in the Elderly is Associated with an Increased Risk of Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Zhou, J., Chen, H. Y., & Lin, C. (2024) · ALPHA PSYCHIATRY · doi:10.5152/alphapsychiatry.2024.231362 · Cited by 26
Frailty predicts fractures among women with and at-risk for HIV
Sharma, A., Shi, Q., Hoover, D. R., Tien, P. C., Plankey, M. W., Cohen, M. H., Golub, E. T., Gustafson, D., & Yin, M. T. (2019) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000002082 · Cited by 27
“Fried frailty indices in predicting adverse events [41].”
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Lee, H., Chong, J., Jung, H., Baek, J. Y., Lee, E., & Jang, I. (2021) · Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research · doi:10.4235/agmr.20.0095 · Cited by 26
Dietary Protein and Vitamin D Intake and Risk of Falls: A Secondary Analysis of Postmenopausal Women from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures
Larocque, S., Kerstetter, J. E., Cauley, J. A., Insogna, K. L., Ensrud, K. E., Lui, L., & Allore, H. G. (2015) · Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1080/21551197.2015.1054574 · Cited by 26
“Candidate fall-related covariates, collected during the clinical V6, that were previously shown to be associated with falls included history of a previous fall (yes=no); age; number of alcoholic drinks per week; depressive symptoms (assessed by the Geriatric Depression Scale score on a 15-point scale dichotomized with…”
MethodSelf-citation
Combination of the Clock Drawing Test with the Physical Phenotype of Frailty for the Prediction of Mortality and Other Adverse Outcomes in Older Community Dwellers without Dementia
Forti, P., Maioli, F., Lega, M. V., Montanari, L., Coraini, F., & Zoli, M. (2013) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000356701 · Cited by 26
Prediction of Severe, Persistent Activity-of-Daily-Living Disability in Older Adults
Kim, D. H., Newman, A. B., & Lipsitz, L. A. (2013) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwt097 · Cited by 28
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Background
Evidence on non-pharmacological interventions for preventing or reversing physical frailty in community-dwelling older adults aged over 50 years: overview of systematic reviews
Money, A., MacKenzie, A., Parchment, A., Norman, G., Harris, D., Ahmed, S., McGarrigle, L., Hawley-Hague, H., & Todd, C. J. (2025) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-025-05768-1 · Cited by 30
“…Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment [35], Tilburg Frailty Indicator [36], SHARE-FI [37] (Survey of Health Ageing and Retirement in Europe Frailty Instrument), Checklist 15 [38], Edmon-ton Frailty Scale [39] Study of osteoporotic fractures frailty scale [40] and the Kihon Checklist for Frailty [41].”
Implementing frailty screening, assessment, and sustained intervention: The experience of the gérontopôle
Vellas, B. J. (2015) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-015-0505-0 · Cited by 25
“The frailty syndrome is strongly related to an increase risk of major health-related outcomes, including severe disability, hospitalization, institutionalization, and mortality (4, 17-23).”
Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment in the Management of Older Patients With Cardiovascular Disease
Singh, M., Spertus, J. A., Gharacholou, S. M., Arora, R. C., Widmer, R. J., Kanwar, A., Sanjanwala, R., Welle, G. A., & Al-Hijji, M. A. (2020) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.09.003 · Cited by 25
Fragilidad como predictor de episodios adversos en estudios epidemiológicos: revisión de la literatura
Rizos, L. R., & Abizanda, P. (2013) · Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología · doi:10.1016/j.regg.2013.05.005 · Cited by 25
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Related to Disability Among Older Adults
Doi, T., Shimada, H., Makizako, H., Tsutsumimoto, K., Hotta, R., Nakakubo, S., & Suzuki, T. (2015) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glv167 · Cited by 25
Redefining Aging in HIV Infection Using Phenotypes
Stoff, D. M., Goodkin, K., Jeste, D. V., & Marquine, M. J. (2017) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-017-0364-x · Cited by 25
“Among all the aging phenotypes, the frailty phenotype is considered the most well-operationalized and characterized [9, 43].”
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Decreased Lean Psoas Cross-Sectional Area Is Associated With Increased 1-Year All-Cause Mortality in Male Elderly Orthopaedic Trauma Patients
Touban, B. M., Pavlesen, S., Smoak, J. B., Sayegh, M. J., Wang, J., Zhao, J., & Anders, M. J. (2018) · Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma · doi:10.1097/bot.0000000000001331 · Cited by 26
Prevalence of Frailty in the Middle East: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Alqahtani, B. A., Alshehri, M. M., Elnaggar, R. K., Alsaad, S. M., Alsayer, A. A., Almadani, N. A., Alhowimel, A., Alqahtani, M. A., & Alenazi, A. M. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10010108 · Cited by 24
Beyond Sarcopenia: older adults with type II diabetes mellitus tend to experience an elevated risk of poor dynamic balance—a case–control study
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Comparison of the modified Frailty-Index based on laboratory tests and the Clinical Frailty Scale in predicting mortality among geriatric rehabilitation inpatients: RESORT
Soh, C. H., Guan, L., Reijnierse, E. M., Lim, W. K., & Maier, A. B. (2022) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2022.104667 · Cited by 24
Incremental Health Care Costs of Self-Reported Functional Impairments and Phenotypic Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Ensrud, K. E., Schousboe, J. T., Kats, A. M., Taylor, B. C., Boyd, C. M., & Langsetmo, L. (2023) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m22-2626 · Cited by 25
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Infancy of an Australian geriatric oncology program—characteristics of the first 200 patients
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Validity and reliability of the Thai version of the simple frailty questionnaire (T-FRAIL) with modifications to improve its diagnostic properties in the preoperative setting
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Background
Fragilidad: un fenotipo en revisión
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Fragilidad como predictor de mortalidad, discapacidad incidente y hospitalización a largo plazo en ancianos españoles. Estudio FRADEA
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Association of frail index and quality of life among community‐dwelling older adults
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Self-reported exhaustion, physical activity, and grip strength predict frailty transitions in older outpatients with chronic diseases
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Examining the links between regular leisure‐time physical activity, sitting time and prefrailty in community‐dwelling older adults
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Frailty syndrome is associated with changes in peripheral inflammatory markers in prostate cancer patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy
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Elevated Red Cell Distribution Width Is Independently Associated With a Higher Frailty Risk Among 2,932 Community-Dwelling Older Adults
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“Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) index and the FRAIL scale in terms of outcome correlation in different populations (14, 15).”
Background

Authors: Ensrud, K. E., Ewing, S. K., Cawthon, P. M., Fink, H. A., Taylor, B. C., Cauley, J. A., Dam, T., Marshall, L. M., Orwoll, E. S., Cummings, S. R., & for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Research Group
Affiliations: University of Minnesota (US)
ORCID: Ensrud, Kristine E.
Ewing, Susan K.
Cawthon, Peggy M.
Fink, Howard A.
Taylor, Brent C.
Cauley, Jane A.
Marshall, Lynn M.
Orwoll, Eric S.
Cummings, Steven R.
Venue: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2009-03
Volume: 57
Issue: 3
Pages: 492-498
ISSN: 0002-8614 (ISSN-L)
1532-5415
DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02137.x
PMC: PMC2861353
OpenAlex: W1525398982
Cited by: 636
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 42
FWCI: 24.65
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute on Aging (U01-AG-18197, U01AG018197, U01AG027810, U01AG042140)
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (U01AR45614, U01-AR45632, U01 AR45647, U01AR045583, U01 AR-45583, U01-AR-45654, U01AR045580, U01AR045632, U01AR045654, U01AR045614, U01AR045647, U01AR066160, U01AR45580)
National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024140)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
Keywords: frailty index, older men, falls, disability, fracture, mortality, frailty assessment, instrumental activities of daily living, weight loss, grip strength, energy status, physical activity
MeSH terms: Accidental Falls, Activities of Daily Living, Aged, 80 and over, Disability Evaluation, Follow-Up Studies, Fractures, Spontaneous, Humans, Male, Prospective Studies, Risk, Weight Loss, Geriatric Assessment, Proportional Hazards Models, Survival Analysis, Frail Elderly, Hand Strength, Mobility Limitation

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A Comparison of Frailty Indexes for the Prediction of Falls, Disability, Fractures, and Mortality in Older Men

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