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A Comparison of Frailty Indexes for the Prediction of Falls, Disability, Fractures, and Mortality in Older Men
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: To compare the validity of a parsimonious frailty index (components: weight loss, inability to rise from a chair, and poor energy (Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) index)) with that of the more complex Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) index (components: unintentional weight loss, low grip strength, poor energy, slowness, and low physical activity) for prediction of adverse outcomes in older men. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Six U.S. centers. PARTICIPANTS: Three thousand one hundred thirty‐two men aged 67 and older. MEASUREMENTS: Frailty status categorized as robust, intermediate stage, or frail using the SOF index and criteria similar to those used in CHS index. Falls were reported three times for 1 year. Disability (≥1 new impairments in performing instrumental activities of daily living) ascertained at 1 year. Fractures and deaths ascertained during 3 years of follow‐up. Analysis of area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) statistics compared for models containing the SOF index versus those containing the CHS index. RESULTS: Greater evidence of frailty as defined by either index was associated with greater risk of adverse outcomes. Frail men had a higher age‐adjusted risk of recurrent falls (odds ratio (OR)=3.0–3.6), disability (OR=5.3–7.5), nonspine fracture (hazard ratio (HR)=2.2–2.3), and death (HR=2.5–3.5) ( P <.001 for all models). AUC comparisons revealed no differences between models with the SOF index and models with the CHS index in discriminating falls (AUC=0.63, P =.97), disability (AUC=0.68, P =.86), nonspine fracture (AUC=0.63, P =.90), or death (AUC=0.71 for model with SOF index and 0.72 for model with CHS index, P =.19). CONCLUSION: The simple SOF index predicts risk of falls, disability, fracture, and mortality in men as well as the more‐complex CHS index.
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“Obesity is inversely related to BMD and fractures313 but might increase the fracture risk through bone quality314,315 or frailty132,316 independent of BMD.”
From Sarcopenic obesity in older adults: aetiology, epidemiology and treatment strategies (2018) · cites this paper as [316]
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“Elderly people who are frail according to the phenotype have a higher risk of disability [4-6].”
BackgroundThe Asia-Pacific Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Frailty
Dent, E., Lien, C. T. C., Lim, W. S., Wong, W. C., Wong, C. H., Ng, T. P., Woo, J., Dong, B., de la Vega, S., Poi, P. J. H., et al. (2017) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2017.04.018 · Cited by 642
Nutritional determinants of frailty in older adults: A systematic review
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“007, and 5 studies [15,24,28,35,36]: pooled HR1⁄4 1.”
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Ensrud, K. E. (2013) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/glt092 · Cited by 456
Self-citationClegg, A., Rogers, L., & Young, J. (2015) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afu157 · Cited by 380
“Sixteen articles were excluded: 10 did not apply a reference standard test [10–19], and 6 did not report DTA data [20–25].”
BackgroundFrailty as a Risk Factor for Falls Among Community Dwelling People: Evidence From a Meta‐Analysis
Cheng, M. H., & Chang, S. (2017) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/jnu.12322 · Cited by 396
Woo, J., Leung, J. C. S., & Morley, J. E. (2012) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04074.x · Cited by 383
“A three-item score comprising weight loss of 5% or more, inability to rise from a chain five times without using the arms, and poor energy (answer of no to the question, “Do you feel full of energy?” was used in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) and compared with the CHS scale.(11) Both scores classify partici…”
MethodA Comparison of Four Frailty Models
Malmstrom, T. K., Miller, D. K., & Morley, J. E. (2014) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.12735 · Cited by 361
The Assessment of Frailty in Older Adults
van Kan, G. A., Rolland, Y., Houles, M., Guyonnet, S., Soto, M. E., & Vellas, B. J. (2010) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2010.02.002 · Cited by 353
“The conclusions drawn from these analyses is that the SOF Index performed as well as the 5 frailty items in predicting risk of poor clinical outcomes such as falls, development of IADL disability, fractures, and death after 9 years and 3 years of follow-up in the SOF and MrOs studies, respectively.(7,47,48)”
MethodInfluentialImportance of frailty in patients with cardiovascular disease
Singh, M., Stewart, R., & White, H. D. (2014) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu197 · Cited by 327
“They include the FRAIL questionnaire(35) (Table 3), the Clinical Frailty Scale,(36) the Gérontopôle Frailty Screening Tool,(37) the Edmonton Frailty Scale,(30,38) and the Study of Osteoporotic Fracture index.(30,39) A global clinical”
BackgroundMethodGarcía‐García, F. J., Avila, G. G., Alfaro‐Acha, A., Andrés, M. S. A., Lanza, M. D. L. A. D. L. T., Aparicio, M. V. E., Aparicio, S. H., Zugasti, J. L. L., Reus, M. G.-S., Rodríguez‐Artalejo, F., et al. (2011) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-011-0075-8 · Cited by 308
“When we extrapolated this results to the elderly population from Toledo, the prevalence of frailty was 8.9%, which is similar to that in other studies using comparable methods (3, 5, 24, 25) but lower to those in the United States of America (7, 26) or in the Share Study (23).”
InfluentialFrailty prevalence and slow walking speed in persons age 65 and older: implications for primary care
Castell, M. V., Sánchez, M., Julián, R., Queipó, R., Martín, S. M., & Otero, Á. (2013) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/1471-2296-14-86 · Cited by 298
“Different approaches to the definition of frailty, especially those related to the different frailty scales used, have made it difficult to reach a universal consensus in this regard [3-6].”
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Impact of cognitive frailty on daily activities in older persons
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“Older people who are frail according to the phenotype have a higher risk of disability (2, 4, 6).”
Evaluating the Older Patient with Cancer: Understanding Frailty and the Geriatric Assessment
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Fracture risk in diabetic elderly men: the MrOS study
Napoli, N., Strotmeyer, E. S., Ensrud, K. E., Sellmeyer, D. E., Bauer, D. C., Hoffman, A. R., Dam, T.-T. L., Barrett-Connor, E., Palermo, L., Orwoll, E. S., et al. (2014) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-014-3289-6 · Cited by 272
“Those with three or more components were categorised as frail, with two components as pre-frail, with one component intermediate, and with zero components as robust [21].”
BackgroundSelf-citationFrailty in primary care: a review of its conceptualization and implications for practice
Lacas, A., & Rockwood, K. J. (2012) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-4 · Cited by 244
“A dose response has also been shown for the three-item SOF index, based on phenotype items [40].”
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Theou, O., Rockwood, M. R. H., Mitnitski, A., & Rockwood, K. J. (2012) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2012.03.001 · Cited by 250
“The order of the disruption of ADLs with increasing frailty found in this study is in agreement with the hierarchy proposed by Katz et al. (1970) with bathing being the first BADL to be lost.”
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Sleep disturbances and risk of frailty and mortality in older men
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“Frailty Status and Mortality Frailty status at the sleep exam (baseline for this analysis) was defined using criteria similar to those proposed by Fried and colleagues [2,3] using data collected in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS).”
MethodResultSelf-citationThe Impact of Functional Status on Life Expectancy in Older Persons
Keeler, E. B., Guralnik, J. M., Tian, H., Wallace, R. B., & Reuben, D. B. (2010) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glq029 · Cited by 210
“Study (27) General age ≥70 y • Age 2-y mortality AUC 0.”
Association of Social Frailty With Both Cognitive and Physical Deficits Among Older People
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“7% [8, 22, 23]) or SOF index (prevalence of pre-frailty and frailty ranged from 19 to 50% and from 4 to 17%, respectively [10, 11, 13, 14, 30]).”
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“Our findings of proximal femur and lumbar spine BMD are similar to other cohort studies with frail older men and women [6,14,15,19].”
BackgroundResultFrailty in childhood cancer survivors
Ness, K. K., Armstrong, G. T., Kundu, M., Wilson, C. L., Tchkonia, T., & Kirkland, J. L. (2015) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.29211 · Cited by 188
Frailty and cardiac rehabilitation: A call to action from the EAPC Cardiac Rehabilitation Section
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The Frailty Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review
Heuberger, R. (2011) · Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1080/21551197.2011.623931 · Cited by 201
Pilotto, A., Rengo, F., Marchionni, N., Sancarlo, D., Fontana, A., Panza, F., Ferrucci, L., & on behalf of the FIRI-SIGG Study Group (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029090 · Cited by 192
Angulo, J., Assar, M. E., & Rodríguez‐Mañas, L. (2016) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2016.06.001 · Cited by 195
Osteoporosis, frailty and fracture: implications for case finding and therapy
van den Bergh, J. P., van Geel, T. A., & Geusens, P. P. (2012) · Nature Reviews Rheumatology · doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2011.217 · Cited by 179
Malnutrition and frailty in community dwelling older adults living in a rural setting
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“In contrast, in the absence of a gold standard for frailty, we considered the SOF index (which has proven its ability to predict adverse health outcomes among elderly) [16,17,30] as more feasible in this population.”
Backgroundda Silva, V. D., Tribess, S., Meneguci, J., Sasaki, J. E., Meneguci, C. A. G., Carneiro, J. A. O., & Júnior, J. S. V. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7062-0 · Cited by 185
Kaeppeli, T., Rueegg, M., Dreher‐Hummel, T., Brabrand, M., Nissen, S. K., Carpenter, C. R., Bingisser, R. M., & Nickel, C. H. (2020) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.03.028 · Cited by 171
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“Fracture risks based on two different frailty definitions, the CHS criteria and the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) frailty index, were compared in the same cohorts by two studies [17,28].”
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“001 < 7 9,525 (42) 5,253 (35) 2,566 (24) 7–13 3,724 (16) 1,758 (12) 733 (6.”
Frailty Is a Risk Factor for Falls in the Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Yang, Z., Lin, H., Jiang, G.-H., Chu, Y.-H., Gao, J.-H., Tong, Z.-J., & Wang, Z. (2023) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-023-1935-8 · Cited by 192
“For example, the CSBA index, with nine items; SOF index, with three; FP, with five; FI, with five; the EFS, with nine; the FRAIL scale, with five; and the CFS, with two.”
InfluentialSex Hormones and Frailty in Older Men: The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study
Cawthon, P. M., Ensrud, K. E., Laughlin, G. A., Cauley, J. A., Dam, T.-T. L., Barrett-Connor, E., Fink, H. A., Hoffman, A. R., Lau, E., Lane, N. E., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-0417 · Cited by 157
“How this simpler definition may be related to sex hormone levels has yet to be elucidated; however, the simplified index does predict adverse outcomes such as falls, fractures, disability, and mortality as well as the CHS index in older men and women (24, 25).”
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Frailty syndrome and associated factors in community-dwelling elderly in Northeast Brazil
Sousa, A. C. P. D. A., Dias, R. C., Maciel, Á. C. C., & Guerra, R. O. (2011) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2011.08.010 · Cited by 145
“Of the sociodemographic variables included in the model, only age was significantly correlated even when adjusted for the other variables, demonstrating, as in other studies, the influence of the aging process on the emergence of frailty (Fried et al., 2001; Markle-Reid and Browne, 2003; Ahmed et al., 2007; Carey et a…”
ResultUse of health resources and healthcare costs associated with frailty: The FRADEA study
García-Nogueras, I., Aranda-Reneo, I., Peña-Longobardo, L. M., Oliva, J., & Abizanda, P. (2016) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-016-0727-9 · Cited by 145
“Frailty is a prevalent condition (1, 2) independently associated with relevant adverse healthcare outcomes (3) including mortality (4-10), disability in basic and instrumental activities of daily living (4, 6-7, 9-12), mobility impairment (4, 10), falls (13, 14), hip fracture (6, 13, 14), hospitalization (4, 6, 11, 15…”
Bilotta, C., Bowling, A., Nicolini, P., Casè, A., Pina, G., Rossi, S., & Vergani, C. (2011) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-9-72 · Cited by 134
“When death and nursing home placement were taken as dependent variables, corrections were made for those conditions which are well known to be independently related to a greater risk of institutionalisation and death, namely severe dependence in the BADLs (lowest quartile of the BADL score vs rest) [33-35] and frailty…”
BackgroundMethodRethinking Hospital-Associated Deconditioning: Proposed Paradigm Shift
Falvey, J. R., Mangione, K. K., & Stevens‐Lapsley, J. E. (2015) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20140511 · Cited by 143
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Epidemiological and clinical significance of cognitive frailty: A mini review
Sugimoto, T., Sakurai, T., Ono, R., Kimura, A., Saji, N., Niida, S., Toba, K., Chen, L., & Arai, H. (2018) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2018.03.002 · Cited by 138
Frailty and Outcome in Elderly Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome
Graham, M. M., Galbraith, P. D., O’Neill, D., Rolfson, D. B., Dando, C., & Norris, C. M. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2013.08.016 · Cited by 144
“Although simple tools may lose some nuances, they can still be predictive, as was demonstrated when the simple Study of Osteoporotic Fracture Index, with 3 domains, was found to predict the risk of falls, disability, fractures, and mortality as well as the more complex Cardiovascular Health Study Index.15,16 Gait spee…”
ResultEvenhuis, H. M., Hermans, H., Hilgenkamp, T. I. M., Bastiaanse, L. P., & Echteld, M. A. (2012) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03925.x · Cited by 131
“95 Moderate 425 (50) 101 (24) 263 (62) 61 (14) Severe to profound 185 (22) 35 (19) 116 (63) 34 (18) Motor disability No 613 (72) 216 (35) 365 (59.”
Fhon, J. R. S., Rodrigues, R. A. P., Neira, W. F., Huayta, V. M. R., Robazzi, M. L. D. C. C., Universidad de Ciencias y Humanidades, P., & Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, P. (2016) · Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP · doi:10.1590/s0080-623420160000700018 · Cited by 131
“7%) the SOF Index at large(26-28,36-37), two (8.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAbizanda, P., Romero, L., Sánchez‐Jurado, P. M., Martínez-Reig, M., Gómez-Arnedo, L., & Alfonso, S. A. (2012) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.09.018 · Cited by 129
Association of Radiologic Indicators of Frailty With 1-Year Mortality in Older Trauma Patients
Kaplan, S. J., Pham, T. N., Arbabi, S., Gross, J. A., Damodarasamy, M., Bentov, I., Taitsman, L. A., Mitchell, S. H., & Reed, M. J. (2016) · JAMA Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2016.4604 · Cited by 131
Strandberg, T. E., Pitkälä, K. H., & Tilvis, R. S. (2011) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eurger.2011.08.003 · Cited by 134
“In the MrOS study the prevalence of frailty using CHS or SOF criteria was quite similar (13–14%) and concordant in 71% of participants [53].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialIdentifying needs and improving palliative care of chronically ill patients
Gómez‐Batiste, X., Martínez-Muñoz, M., Blay, C., Espinosa, J., Contel, J. C., & Ledesma, A. (2012) · Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care · doi:10.1097/spc.0b013e328356aaed · Cited by 127
“Some of the geriatric syndromes such as delirium [16], dysphagia [17], sores/ulcers [18,19] and falls [20,21] have shown significant correlations with mortality.”
BackgroundThe frailty dilemma. Review of the predictive accuracy of major frailty scores
Pijpers, E., Ferreira, I., Stehouwer, C. D. A., & Kruseman, A. C. N. (2011) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2011.09.003 · Cited by 125
“placement risk (VIP) [39] Prospective, emergency dept.”
InfluentialFrailty and aging in cancer survivors
Ness, K. K., & Wogksch, M. D. (2020) · Translational Research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2020.03.013 · Cited by 124
And mortality in older Chinese adults: Results from the Beijing longitudinal study of aging
Fang, X., Shi, J. C., Song, X., Mitnitski, A., Tang, Z., Wang, C., Yu, P., & Rockwood, K. J. (2012) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-012-0368-6 · Cited by 127
“The phenotypic approach to frailty has been shown to correlate both with the risk of adverse outcomes and with many important clinical parameters, including the risk of recurrent falls, fractures, disability, and death (12, 16, 28).”
Hip fractures and heart failure: findings from the Cardiovascular Health Study
Carbone, L. D., Bůžková, P., Fink, H. A., Lee, J. S., Chen, Z., Ahmed, A., Parashar, S.-R., & Robbins, J. R. (2009) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehp483 · Cited by 122
Self-citationPrimary care and care for older persons: position paper of the European Forum for Primary Care.
Boeckxstaens, P., & Graaf, P. D. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 119
Adverse outcomes of frailty in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study
Lahousse, L., Maes, B., Ziere, G. J., Loth, D. W., Verlinden, V. J. A., Zillikens, M. C., Uitterlinden, A. G., Rivadeneira, F., Tiemeier, H. W., Franco, O. H., et al. (2014) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-014-9924-1 · Cited by 117
How should older adults with cancer be evaluated for frailty?
Huisingh-Scheetz, M. J., & Walston, J. D. (2016) · Journal of Geriatric Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jgo.2016.06.003 · Cited by 121
Kado, D. M., Huang, M.-H., Karlamangla, A. S., Cawthon, P. M., Katzman, W. B., Hillier, T. A., Ensrud, K. E., & Cummings, S. R. (2012) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.1728 · Cited by 116
Self-citationFrailty and functional decline indices predict poor outcomes in hospitalised older people
Dent, E., Chapman, I., Howell, S. C., Piantadosi, C., & Visvanathan, R. (2013) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/aft181 · Cited by 119
“It is estimated that individuals identified as frail are over twice as likely to encounter adverse health outcomes as their non-frail counterparts [2, 3].”
BackgroundResultSaraiva, M. D., Suzuki, G. S., Lin, S. M., de Andrade, D. C., Filho, W. J., & Suemoto, C. K. (2018) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afy104 · Cited by 114
Denfeld, Q. E., Turrise, S. L., MacLaughlin, E. J., Chang, P., Clair, W. K., Lewis, E. F., Forman, D. E., & Goodlin, S. J. (2022) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/hcq.0000000000000108 · Cited by 122
Travison, T. G., Nguyen, A., Naganathan, V., Stanaway, F., Blyth, F., Cumming, R. G., Couteur, D. G. L., Sambrook, P. N., & Handelsman, D. J. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0143 · Cited by 111
“As in prior studies (22, 23), subjects meeting none of the SOF criteria were considered robust, whereas those meeting one or two or more criteria are termed intermediate/prefrail or frail, respectively.”
MethodRoppolo, M., Mulasso, A., & Rabaglietti, E. (2016) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-016-0828-5 · Cited by 110
“The results of the frailty syndrome is an augmented risk to incur negative health outcomes such as death, hospitalization, institutionalization, and falls (5, 10-12).”
Multi-Sensor Fusion for Activity Recognition—A Survey
Aguileta, A. A., Brena, R., Mayora, O., Minero, E. M., & Trejo, L. A. (2019) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s19173808 · Cited by 119
“The number of old people is increasing in the world [52] Indeed, in 25% of the cases, the population of adults over 65 will suffer at least one fall, every year, with consequences ranging from bone rupture to death [53,54].”
BackgroundPhysiologic Frailty and Fragility Fracture in HIV-Infected Male Veterans
Womack, J. A., Goulet, J. L., Gibert, C. L., Brandt, C., Skanderson, M., Gulanski, B., Rimland, D., Rodriguez‐Barradas, M. C., Tate, J., Yin, M. T., et al. (2013) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cit056 · Cited by 110
“Research has linked frailty with fragility fractures among elderly persons in the general population [3], but whether it is also associated with fractures among individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is as yet unexplored.”
BackgroundLiu, H. X., Ding, G., Yu, W. J., Liu, T. F., Yan, A. Y., Chen, H. Y., & Zhang, A. H. (2019) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2019.06.010 · Cited by 109
Chi, J., Chen, F., Zhang, J., Niu, X., Tao, H., Ruan, H., Wang, Y., & Hu, J. (2021) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2021.104344 · Cited by 116
Dent, E., & Hoogendijk, E. O. (2014) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2318-14-108 · Cited by 118
“often studied in community-based populations [5,13-15].”
Incidence of Disability in Frail Older Persons With or Without Slow Walking Speed
Shimada, H., Makizako, H., Doi, T., Tsutsumimoto, K., & Suzuki, T. (2015) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2015.03.019 · Cited by 107
Cruz, B. D. P., Mañas, A., Martín-García, M., Marín-Puyalto, J., García‐García, F. J., Rodríguez‐Mañas, L., Guadalupe‐Grau, A., & Ara, I. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0183911 · Cited by 103
Macuco, C. R. M., Batistoni, S. S. T., Lopes, A., Cachioni, M., Falcão, D. V. D. S., Neri, A. L., & Yassuda, M. S. (2012) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610212000907 · Cited by 106
Papachristou, E., Wannamethee, S. G., LENNON, L. T., Papacosta, O., Whincup, P. H., Iliffe, S., & Ramsay, S. E. (2016) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2016.08.020 · Cited by 107
Does frailty predict increased risk of falls and fractures? A prospective population-based study
de Vries, O. J., Peeters, G. M. E. E., Lips, P. T. A. M., & Deeg, D. J. H. (2013) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-013-2303-z · Cited by 104
Iwasaki, M., Yoshihara, A., Sato, N., Sato, M., Minagawa, K., Shimada, M., Nishimuta, M., Ansai, T., Yoshitake, Y., Ono, T., et al. (2017) · Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.1111/joor.12578 · Cited by 104
“(2) Low physical activity level: response in the negative to the question “Do you engage in physical exercise or sports aimed at improving health?”4,15 (3) Weakness: grip strength <26 kg for men and <17 kg for women4,15 (4) Shrinking: weight loss ≥5% per yeara3”
Razjouyan, J., Naik, A. D., Horstman, M. J., Kunik, M. E., Amirmazaheri, M., Zhou, H., Sharafkhaneh, A., & Najafi, B. (2018) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s18051336 · Cited by 109
“Frailty is an independent predictor of adverse outcomes, including falls, delirium, hospitalization, and mortality [5].”
BackgroundLife-long spontaneous exercise does not prolong lifespan but improves health span in mice
Garcia-Valles, R., Gómez‐Cabrera, M. C., Rodríguez‐Mañas, L., García‐García, F. J., Díaz, A., Noguera, I., González, G. O., & Viña, J. (2013) · Longevity & Healthspan · doi:10.1186/2046-2395-2-14 · Cited by 107
“Interest in this syndrome has been growing over the last decade because frailty is the main risk factor for disability in older people and it also forewarns of other adverse outcomes, such as falls, hospitalization and death [7,9].”
BackgroundYassuda, M. S., Lopes, A., Cachioni, M., Falcão, D. V. D. S., Batistoni, S. S. T., Guimaraes, V. V., & Neri, A. L. (2012) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-012-0003-6 · Cited by 106
Kojima, G., Kendrick, D., Skelton, D. A., Morris, R. W., Gawler, S. J., & Iliffe, S. (2015) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-015-0152-7 · Cited by 102
“Frailty defined by other definitions, including a Fried’s phenotype,[11, 12, 15, 16] Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) index,[11, 12, 15] Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam frailty instrument,[10] Canadian Study of Health and Aging Clinical Frailty Scale,[13] and Conselice Study of Brain Aging index [20] have also…”
MethodGeriatric Physiology and the Frailty Syndrome
Khan, K., Hemati, K., & Donovan, A. L. (2019) · Anesthesiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.anclin.2019.04.006 · Cited by 115
Kennedy, C. C., Ioannidis, G., Rockwood, K. J., Thabane, L., Adachi, J. D., Kirkland, S., Pickard, L. E., & Παπαϊωάννου, Α. (2014) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-014-2828-9 · Cited by 105
Accelerated bone loss and increased post-fracture mortality in elderly women and men
Bliuc, D., Nguyen, N. D., Alarkawi, D., Nguyen, T. V., & Eisman, J. A. (2015) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-014-3014-9 · Cited by 99
Musculoskeletal Frailty: A Geriatric Syndrome at the Core of Fracture Occurrence in Older Age
Gielen, E., Verschueren, S., O’Neill, T. W., Pye, S. R., O’Connell, M. D. L., Lee, D. M., Ravindrarajah, R., Claessens, F., Laurent, M. R., Milisen, K., et al. (2012) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-012-9622-5 · Cited by 101
“This increased susceptibility to functional deficits and comorbidity results in a decline in ADL and instrumental ADL, loss of mobility, (recurrent) falls, fractures, hospitalization and institutionalization in frail elderly [50–56].”
BackgroundInfluentialStenholm, S., Ferrucci, L., Vahtera, J., Hoogendijk, E. O., Huisman, M. A., Pentti, J., Lindbohm, J. V., Bandinelli, S., Guralnik, J. M., & Mika Kivimaki, B. (2018) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/gly132 · Cited by 98
“In this study Fried’s phenotypic model was used and both studies had measured the required five components shown to predict adverse health outcomes such as falls, disability and death (4, 5).”
BackgroundMethodValidation of the Supportive and Palliative Care Indicators Tool in a Geriatric Population
Bock, R. D., Noortgate, N. J. V. D., & Piers, R. D. (2017) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2017.0205 · Cited by 98
“16 In contrast to some other tools, such as the multidimensional prognostic index (MPI) or the study of osteoporotic fractures (SOF), 14,15 the prognostic value of SPICT in a geriatric population has never been validated before.”
Bilotta, C., Nicolini, P., Casè, A., Pina, G., Rossi, S., & Vergani, C. (2011) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2011.06.037 · Cited by 92
Vaingankar, J. A., Chong, S. A., Abdin, E., Picco, L., Chua, B. Y., Shafie, S., Ong, H. L., Chang, S. S. H., Seow, E., Heng, D., et al. (2016) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.12891 · Cited by 90
Frailty: Past, present, and future?
Kwak, D., & Thompson, L. V. (2020) · Sports Medicine and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.smhs.2020.11.005 · Cited by 91
Metadata
- Authors
- Ensrud, K. E., Ewing, S. K., Cawthon, P. M., Fink, H. A., Taylor, B. C., Cauley, J. A., Dam, T., Marshall, L. M., Orwoll, E. S., Cummings, S. R., & for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Research Group
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 492-498
- ISSN
- 0002-8614 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5415
- PMC
- PMC2861353
- OpenAlex
- W1525398982
- Cited by
- 636
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 42
- FWCI
- 24.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (U01-AG-18197, U01AG018197, U01AG027810, U01AG042140)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (U01AR45614, U01-AR45632, U01 AR45647, U01AR045583, U01 AR-45583, U01-AR-45654, U01AR045580, U01AR045632, U01AR045654, U01AR045614, U01AR045647, U01AR066160, U01AR45580)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024140)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
- Keywords
- frailty index, older men, falls, disability, fracture, mortality, frailty assessment, instrumental activities of daily living, weight loss, grip strength, energy status, physical activity
- MeSH terms
- Accidental Falls, Activities of Daily Living, Aged, 80 and over, Disability Evaluation, Follow-Up Studies, Fractures, Spontaneous, Humans, Male, Prospective Studies, Risk, Weight Loss, Geriatric Assessment, Proportional Hazards Models, Survival Analysis, Frail Elderly, Hand Strength, Mobility Limitation
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