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Interleukin‐6, C‐Reactive Protein, and Tumor Necrosis Factor‐Alpha as Predictors of Mortality in Frail, Community‐Living Elderly Individuals
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), C‐reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) protein levels predict all‐cause mortality in older persons living in the community. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Data were from the Aging and Longevity Study in the Sirente Geographic Area, a prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals aged 80 and older living in an Italian mountain community (N=362). MEASUREMENTS: Participants were classified according to the median value of the three inflammation markers (IL‐6, 2.08 pg/mL; TNF‐α, 1.43 pg/mL; CRP, 3.08 mg/L). A composite summary score of inflammation was also created. The main outcome was risk of death after 4 years of follow‐up. RESULTS: One hundred fifty deaths occurred during 4 years of follow‐up. In the unadjusted model, high levels of each of the three markers were associated with greater mortality. After adjusting for potential confounders, high levels of IL‐6 (hazard ratio (HR)=2.18, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.29–3.69) and CRP (HR=2.58, 95% CI=1.52–4.40) were associated with a significantly greater risk of death, whereas the association between TNF‐α protein levels and mortality was no longer significant (HR=1.26, 95% CI=0.74–2.15). The composite summary score of inflammation was strongly associated with mortality, with the highest risk estimated for individuals with all three inflammatory markers above the median. CONCLUSION: Low levels of inflammatory markers are associated with better survival in older adults, independent of age and other clinical and functional variables.
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“those older individuals who are most frail have highest levels of circulating CRP, IL-6 and IL-8 (23).”
From The impact of ageing on monocytes and macrophages (2021) · cites this paper as [23]
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“Inflammation is a strong predictor for frailty, and those older individuals who are most frail have highest levels of circulating CRP, IL-6 and IL-8 (23).”
From The impact of ageing on monocytes and macrophages (2021) · cites this paper as [23]
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“In addition, higher inflammatory activity, measured by plasma or serum interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein (CRP), has also been associated with shorter survival (Baune et al. 2011; Bruunsgaard et al. 2003; Giovannini et al. 2011).”
From Is immunosenescence influenced by our lifetime “dose” of exercise? (2016) · cites this paper as Giovannini et al. 2011
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Metadata
- Authors
- Giovannini, S., Onder, G., Liperoti, R., Russo, A., Carter, C., Capoluongo, E., Pahor, M., Bernabei, R., & Landi, F.
- Affiliations
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (IT)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-08-24
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1679-1685
- ISSN
- 0002-8614 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5415
- PMC
- PMC4321727
- OpenAlex
- W1562509057
- Cited by
- 249
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 3.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG017994, R01AG021042, P30AG028740)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Inflammatory Biomarkers in Disease Prognosis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, TNF-α, inflammatory markers, all-cause mortality, frail elderly, community-dwelling older adults
- MeSH terms
- Aged, 80 and over, C-Reactive Protein, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Male, Mortality, Predictive Value of Tests, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Residence Characteristics, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Biomarkers, Interleukin-6, Frail Elderly
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