Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 306

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

CRANIAL MORPHOLOGY OF DOMESTIC AND WILD CANIDS: THE INFLUENCE OF DEVELOPMENT ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGE

Wayne, Robert K.·1986·Evolution
DOI 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1986.tb00467.x
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The domestic dog varies remarkably in cranial morphology. In fact, the differences in size and proportion between some dog breeds are as great as those between many genera of wild canids. In this study, I compare patterns of intracranial allometry and morphologic diversity between the domestic dog and wild canid species. The results demonstrate that the domestic dog is morphologically distinct from all other canids except its close relatives, the wolf-like canids. Following this, I compare patterns of static and ontogenetic scaling. Data on growth of domestic dogs are presented and used to investigate the developmental mechanisms underlying breed evolution. Apparently, most small breeds are paedomorphic with respect to certain morphologic characters. In dogs and other domestic animals, morphologic diversity among adults seems to depend on that expressed during development.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1986.tb00467.x

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 1 references

Research works printed but not linked: 97

  1. Alberch, 1981, Heterochronic mechanisms of morphologic diversification and evolutionary change in the neotropical salamander Bolitoglossa occidentalis (Amphibia: Plethodontidae), J. Morphol., 167, 249, 10.1002/jmor.1051670208 · DOI · Paper page
  2. Alberch, 1979, Size and shape in ontogeny and phylogeny, Paleobiol., 5, 296, 10.1017/S0094837300006588 · DOI · Paper page
  3. Altman, 1962, Growth Including Reproduction, Morphology and Development
  4. Atchley, 1981, Genetic components of size and shape. I. Dynamics of components of phenotypic variability and covariability during ontogeny in the laboratory rat, Evolution, 34, 1161, 10.2307/2408297 · doi:10.2307/2408297
  5. Bauchot, 1978, Encephalization in vertebrates, Brain Behav. Evol., 15, 1, 10.1159/000123769 · DOI
  6. Becker, 1923, Das postembrymale Wachstum des deutschen Schaferhundschädels, Arch. F. Naturgesch. A., 23, 131
  7. Borgaonkar, 1968, Chromosome study of four breeds of dog, J. Hered., 56, 157, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a107670 · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a107670
  8. Brody, 1945, Bioenergetics and Growth
  9. Calder, 1982, The pace of growth: An allometric approach to comparative embryonic and post-embryonic growth, J. Zool., 198, 215, 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1982.tb02071.x · DOI
  10. Cheverud, 1982a, Phenotypic, genetic and environmental morphological integration in the cranium, Evolution, 36, 499, 10.2307/2408096 · DOI
  11. Cheverud, 1982b, Relationships among ontogenetic, static, and evolutionary allometry, Amer. J. Phys. Anthr., 59, 138, 10.1002/ajpa.1330590204 · DOI · Paper page
  12. Clark, 1975, Biochemical markers in the family Canidae, Aust. J. Zool., 23, 411, 10.1071/ZO9750411 · doi:10.1071/zo9750411
  13. Clutton-Brock, 1981, Domesticated Animals from Early Times
  14. Clutton-Brock, 1976, A review of the family Canidae with a classification by numerical methods, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool., 29, 117, 10.5962/bhl.part.6922 · DOI
  15. Cock, 1966, Genetical aspects of metrical growth and form in animals, Quart. Rev. Biol., 41, 131, 10.1086/404940 · DOI · Paper page
  16. Cooke, 1978, Evolution of African Mammals, 432
  17. Darwin, 1859, On the Origin of the Species. Facsimile of the first edition
  18. Davis, 1962, Allometric relationships in lions vs. domestic cats, Evolution, 16, 505, 10.2307/2406182 · DOI
  19. Davis, 1978, Evidence for the domestication of the dog 12,000 years ago in the Natufian of Israel, Nature, 276, 608, 10.1038/276608a0 · DOI · Paper page
  20. Déchambre, 1949, La theorie de la foetalisation et la formation des races de chiens et de porcs, Mammalia, 13, 129, 10.1515/mamm.1949.13.3.129 · DOI
  21. Devillers, 1984, Allometric studies on the skull of living and fossil Equidae (Mammalia: Perissodactyla), J. Vert. Paleontol., 4, 471, 10.1080/02724634.1984.10012023 · doi:10.1080/02724634.1984.10012023
  22. Elder, 1977, Use of discriminant function in taxonomic determination of canids from Missouri, J. Mammal., 58, 17, 10.2307/1379722 · doi:10.2307/1379722
  23. Epstein, 1971, The Origins of the Domestic Animals of Africa, 1
  24. Ewer, 1973, The Carnivores
  25. Evans, 1979, Miller's Anatomy of the Dog
  26. Fagen, 1978, Felid paedomorphosis with special reference to Leopardus, Carnivore, 1978, 72
  27. Fisher, 1976, An investigation of 53 gene loci in three species of wild Canidae: Canis lupus, Canis latrans, and Canis familiaris, Biochem. Genet., 14, 963, 10.1007/BF00485128 · DOI
  28. Fox, 1978, The Dog: Its Domestication and Behavior
  29. Frazer, 1974, Species variations in the foetal growth rates of eutherian mammals, J. Zool. London, 174, 481, 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1974.tb03173.x · DOI
  30. Freedman, 1962, Growth of muzzle length relative to calvaria length in Papio, Growth, 26, 117
  31. Gingerich, 1979, Patterns of tooth size variability in the dentition of primates, Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol., 51, 457, 10.1002/ajpa.1330510318 · DOI
  32. Gingerich, 1979, Patterns of variation and correlation in the dentition of the red fox, Vulpes vulpes, J. Mammal., 60, 691, 10.2307/1380186 · DOI
  33. Gipson, 1974, The taxonomic status of wild Canis in Arkansas, Syst. Zool., 23, 1, 10.2307/2412235 · doi:10.2307/2412235
  34. Gould, 1975, On the scaling of tooth size in mammals, Amer. Zool., 15, 315, 10.1093/icb/15.2.353 · DOI · Paper page
  35. Gould, 1977, Ontogeny and Phylogeny
  36. Gould, 1969, Levels of integration in mammalian dentition: An analysis of correlation in Nesophontes micrus (Insectivora) and Oryzomys couesi (Rodentia), Evolution, 23, 276, 10.2307/2406792 · doi:10.2307/2406792
  37. Hammond, 1935, The inheritence of the productivity in farm livestock I, Meat. Emp. J. Exp. Agric., 3, 1
  38. Harvey, 1980, Current Problems in Sociobiology, 343
  39. Hilzheimer, 1926, Natürliche Rassegeschichte der Haussäugetiere, 10.1515/9783111658001 · doi:10.1515/9783111658001
  40. Hubbard, 1964, The Observer's Book of Dogs
  41. Humphries, 1981, Multivariate discrimination by shape in relation to size, Syst. Zool., 30, 291, 10.2307/2413251 · DOI
  42. Huxley, 1932, Problems of Relative Growth, 10.5962/bhl.title.6427 · DOI · Paper page
  43. Jerison, 1973, Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence
  44. Jolicoeur, 1959, Multivariate geographical variation in the wolf Canis lupus L, Evolution, 13, 283, 10.2307/2406106 · DOI
  45. Jolicoeur, 1963, The multivariate generalization of the allometry equation, Biometrics, 19, 497, 10.2307/2527939 · DOI · Paper page
  46. Jungers, 1985, Size and scaling in primate biology, 10.1007/978-1-4899-3647-9 · DOI · Paper page
  47. Jungers, 1981, Ontogenetic and interspecific skeletal allometry in nonhuman primates: Bivariate vs. multivariate analysis, Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol., 55, 195, 10.1002/ajpa.1330550206 · DOI
  48. Katz, 1980, Allometry formula: A cellular model, Growth, 44, 89
  49. Klatt, 1948, Wuchsform und Hypophyse, Roux Arch., 143, 167, 10.1007/BF00576750 · doi:10.1007/bf00576750
  50. Kleiman, 1973, Comparisons of canid and felid social systems from an evolutionary perspective, Anim. Behav., 21, 637, 10.1016/S0003-3472(73)80088-0 · DOI · Paper page
  51. Krogman, 1931, Studies in growth changes in the skull and face of anthropoids, Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol., 47, 325
  52. Kurtén, 1954, Observations on the allometry in mammalian dentitions: Its interpretation and evolutionary significance, Acta Zool. Fenn., 85, 1
  53. Laird, 1965, Dynamics of relative growth, Growth, 29, 249
  54. Larson, 1980, Paedomorphosis in relation to rates of morphological and molecular evolution in the salamander Aneides flavipunctatus (Amphibia: Plethodontidae), Evolution, 34, 1, 10.2307/2408311 · doi:10.2307/2408311
  55. Lawrence, 1967, Early domestic dogs, Z. Saugetierkd., 32, 44
  56. Lawrence, 1967, Multiple character analysis of Canis lupus, latrans and familiaris with a discussion of the relationships of Canis niger, Amer. Zool., 7, 223, 10.1093/icb/7.2.223 · DOI
  57. Lerner, 1954, Genetic Homeostasis
  58. Lumer, 1940, Evolutionary allometry in the skeleton of the domestic dog, Amer. Natur., 74, 439, 10.1086/280912 · DOI
  59. Lups, 1974, Biometrische Untersuchungen an der Schädelbasis des Haushundes, Zool. Anz. Jena, 192, 383
  60. McMahon, 1975, Using body size to understand the structural design of animals: Quadrepedal locomotion, J. Appl. Physiol., 39, 619, 10.1152/jappl.1975.39.4.619 · DOI · Paper page
  61. McNab, 1971, On the ecological significance of Bergmann's rule, Ecology, 52, 845, 10.2307/1936032 · DOI · Paper page
  62. Nei, 1975, SPSS: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
  63. Newsome, 1980, The identity of the dingo. I. Morphological discriminants of dingo and dog skulls, Aust. J. Zool., 28, 615, 10.1071/ZO9800615 · doi:10.1071/zo9800615
  64. Nowak, 1979, North American Quaternary Canis, Monogr. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas., 10.5962/bhl.title.4072 · DOI · Paper page
  65. Nowak, 1983, Walker's Mammals of the World, 4th edition
  66. Olsen, 1977, The Chinese wolf, ancestor of New World dogs, Science, 197, 533, 10.1126/science.197.4303.533 · DOI
  67. Pengilly, 1984, Developmental vs. functional explanations for the patterns of variability and correlation in the dentition of foxes, J. Mammal., 65, 34, 10.2307/1381197 · DOI
  68. Radinsky, 1981, Evolution of skull shape in carnivores. I. Representative modern carnivores, Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 15, 369, 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1981.tb00770.x · DOI · Paper page
  69. Radinsky, 1984, Ontogeny and phylogeny in horse skull evolution, Evolution, 38, 1, 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1984.tb00254.x · DOI
  70. Rensch, 1959, Evolution Above the Species Level, 10.7312/rens91062 · DOI · Paper page
  71. Robb, 1935, A study of mutation in evolution, Part 2: Ontogeny in the equine skull, J. Genet., 31, 47, 10.1007/BF02982279 · DOI
  72. Robinson, 1977, Genetics for Cat Breeders
  73. Rohrs, 1959, Neue Ergebnisse und Probleme der Allometrierforschung, Zeitschr. Wiss. Zool., 162, 1
  74. Rosenberg, 1965, Die post-natal Proportionsänderung der Schädel zweier extremer Wuchsformen des Haushundes, Z. Tierzucht. Zuchtungsbiol., 82, 1, 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1966.tb01499.x · DOI
  75. Rosenzweig, 1968, The strategy of body size in mammalian carnivores, Amer. Midl. Natur., 80, 299, 10.2307/2423529 · DOI · Paper page
  76. Scott, 1968, Evolution and domestication of the dog, Evol. Biol., 2, 243
  77. Shaughnessy, 1975, An electrophoretic comparison of three blood proteins in dingoes and domestic dogs, Austral. Mammal., 1, 355, 10.1071/AM75006 · doi:10.1071/am75006
  78. Simonsen, 1976, Electrophoretic studies on blood proteins of domestic dogs and other Canidae, Hereditas, 82, 7, 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1976.tb01531.x · doi:10.1111/j.1601-5223.1976.tb01531.x
  79. Smith, 1981, On the definition of variables in studies of primate dental allometry, Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol., 55, 323, 10.1002/ajpa.1330550306 · DOI
  80. Sokal, 1973, Principles of Numerical Taxonomy
  81. Sommer, 1931, Untersuchungen über die Wachstumvorgänge am Hundeskelett, Arch. Tierernahr. Tier., 6, 439
  82. Stark, 1962, Der heutige stand des Fetalizationproblems, Zeitschr. f. Tierz. und Zucht., 47, 129, 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1962.tb01238.x · DOI
  83. Stockhaus, 1962, Zur Formenmannigfaltigkeit von Haushundschädeln, Zeitschr. f. Tierz. und Zucht., 77, 223, 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1962.tb01248.x · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0388.1962.tb01248.x
  84. Strauss, 1982, The truss: Body form reconstructions in morphometrics, Syst. Zool., 31, 113, 10.2307/2413032 · DOI
  85. Tatsuoka, 1970, Selected Topics in Advanced Statistics. Discriminant Analysis. Inst. Personality and Ability Testing
  86. Turnbull, 1974, The fauna from the terminal Pleistocene of Palegawra cave, Fieldiana: Anthr., 63, 81
  87. Waddington, 1962, New Patterns in Genetics and Development, 10.7312/wadd92142 · DOI · Paper page
  88. Wagner, 1930, Recente Hunderassen. Eine osteologische Untersuchung. Skriffer Utgitt au det Norske Vidensk-Akad. i Oslo
  89. Wake, 1966, Comparative osteology and evolution of the lungless salamander family Plethodontidae, Mem. S. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4, 1
  90. Wayne, 1984, Ph.D. Diss
  91. Wayne, 1986, Developmental constraints on limb growth in domestic and some wild canids, J. Zool., 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1986.tb03641.x · DOI
  92. Weidenreich, 1941, The brain and its role in the phylogenetic transformation of the human skull, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 31, 321, 10.2307/1005610 · DOI · Paper page
  93. Woodburne, 1982, A reappraisal of the systematics, biogeography and evolution of fossil horses, Paleobiol., 8, 315, 10.1017/S0094837300007077 · doi:10.1017/s0094837300007077
  94. Wortmann, 1971, Metrische Untersuchungen an Schädeln von Coyoten, Wolfen und Hunden, Zool. Anz., 186, 435
  95. Zar, 1984, Biostatistical Analysis
  96. Zeuner, 1963, A History of Domesticated Animals
  97. Zimen, 1971, Wolfe und Konigspudel. Vergleichlende Verhaltensbeobachtungen

Cited by

See all 306

Metadata

Authors
Wayne, R. K.
Venue
Evolution
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
1986-03
Volume
40
Issue
2
Pages
243-261
ISSN
0014-3820 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1111/j.1558-5646.1986.tb00467.x
OpenAlex
W2312659670
Cited by
306
References
1
FWCI
7.65
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: CRANIAL MORPHOLOGY OF DOMESTIC AND WILD CANIDS: THE INFLUENCE OF DEVELOPMENT ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGE. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1986.tb00467.x
The paper
Wayne, R. K. (1986). CRANIAL MORPHOLOGY OF DOMESTIC AND WILD CANIDS: THE INFLUENCE OF DEVELOPMENT ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGE. Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1986.tb00467.x

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.