Cited by 637Human-Animal Interaction StudiesGenetic and phenotypic traits in livestockAnimal Behavior and Reproduction

Animal evolution during domestication: the domesticated fox as a model

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Trut, Lyudmila, Oskina, Irina, Kharlamova, Anastasiya·2009·BioEssays

Abstract

We review the evolution of domestic animals, emphasizing the effect of the earliest steps of domestication on its course. Using the first domesticated species, the dog ( Canis familiaris ), for illustration, we describe the evolutionary peculiarities during the historical domestication, such as the high level and wide range of diversity. We suggest that the process of earliest domestication via unconscious and later conscious selection of human‐defined behavioral traits may accelerate phenotypic variations. The review is based on the results of a long‐term experiment designed to reproduce early mammalian domestication in the silver fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) selected for tameability or amenability to domestication. We describe changes in behavior, morphology and physiology that appeared in the fox during its selection for tameability, which were similar to those observed in the domestic dog. Based on the data of the fox experiment and survey of relevant data, we discuss the developmental, genetic and possible molecular genetic mechanisms underlying these changes. We ascribe the causative role in evolutionary transformation of domestic animals to the selection for behavior and to the neurospecific regulatory genes it affects.

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  • Belyaev's fox experiment showed that wild foxes selected for tameness started exhibiting traits typical for domesticated dogs, approaching humans eagerly, wagging tails, and playing with experimenters.

    “Wild foxes, which are aggressive toward humans, started exhibiting traits typical for domesticated dogs.They approached humans eagerly, wagged their tails and played with the experimenters.37”
  • Feminization is associated with reduced reactivity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, a physiological trait thought to be critical for domestication.

    “The process of ‘feminization’ (reduction of androgen levels and rise in estrogen levels [21]) is often associated with reduced reactivity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis [26], a physiological trait thought to be critical for domestication [17, 27].”
  • Hypofunction of the HPA axis has been proposed as a key mechanism in the development of tame behaviors in domesticates.

    “the hypofunction of which has been proposed as a key mechanism in the development of tame behaviors in domesticates (Trut et al., 2009;Wilkins et al., 2014).”

    From Glutamate receptors in domestication and modern human evolution (2020) · cites this paper as Trut et al., 2009

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Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. [20]Trut LN 1980 The role of behavior in domestication-associated changes in animals as revealed with the example of silver fox Doctoral (Biol) Dissertation Novosibirsk Inst Cytol Genet In Russian
  2. [47]Trut LN Naumenko EV Belayev DK 1972 Change in pituitary-adrenal function in silver foxes under selection for domestication Genetika 5 35 43 In Russian 4369840
  3. [57]Oskina IN Herbeck YuE Il'ina OV Gulevich RG 2007 Expression of the glucocorticoid receptor genes in grey rats under selection for behavior Proceedings of the 20th Congress of the Pavlov's Physiological Society Moscow Russian physician Publishing House 364 In Russian
  4. [82]Kirkness EF 2006 SINEs of Canine Genomic Evolution Ostrander EA Giger U Lindblad-Toh K The Dog and Its Genome New York Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 209 221
  5. [86]Trut LN Kharlamova AV Kukekova AA Acland DR Carrier DR 2006 Morphology and Behavior: Are they cupled at the Genome Level? Ostrander EA Giger U Lindblad-Toh K The Dog and Its Genome New York Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 81 93

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Authors
Trut, L., Oskina, I., & Kharlamova, A.
Affiliations
Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
Corresponding author
Trut, Lyudmila
Venue
BioEssays
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2009-03
Volume
31
Issue
3
Pages
349-360
ISSN
  • 0265-9247 (ISSN-L)
  • 1521-1878
OpenAlex
W2119978637
Cited by
636
References
80
Citations by year
2026: 25 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 21
FWCI
1.38
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • BioEssays (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH077811)
  • Fogarty International Center (R03TW008098)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
Keywords
animal domestication, silver fox, dog evolution, behavioral selection, phenotypic variability, molecular genetic mechanisms, long-term selection experiment, dogs
MeSH terms
Animals, Animals, Domestic, Behavior, Animal, Dogs, Biological Evolution, Female, Foxes, Humans, Male, Phenotype, Time Factors, Models, Animal, Neuroendocrine Cells

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