The Effect of African American Skin Color on Hiring Preferences1
Abstract
The role of African American skin color in hiring decisions was investigated in a 2 × 2 × 2 (Participant Sex × Applicant Sex × Applicant Skin Color) design. College‐age participants (N= 107) were presented with stimuli and asked to make 8 employment‐related decisions. An interaction of applicant skin color and participant sex and a skin‐color main effect were predicted. Fair‐skinned applicants were expected to receive better ratings from men, while dark‐skinned applicants were expected to receive better ratings from women or ratings from women would not differ. Additionally, in general, fair‐skinned individuals were expected to receive better ratings than dark‐skinned individuals. The results were consistent with the hypotheses. Results are discussed in terms of the “what is beautiful is good” stereotype and prior research.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Lightly coloured individuals have a statistically higher chance of being hired than darker coloured persons.
“This is further supported by studies in hiring practices where lightly coloured individuals have a statistically higher chance of being hired than darker coloured persons.8”
Cites
The descent of man and selection in relation to sex
チャールス, ダ., & 茂穂, 田. (1907) · Tokyo Jinrui Gakkai zasshi · doi:10.1537/ase1887.22.495 · Cited by 10,909 · see citing works
Sexual strategies theory: an evolutionary perspective on human mating
Buss, D. M., & Schmitt, D. P. (1993) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.100.2.204 · Cited by 4,253 · see citing works
Dion, K., Berscheid, E., & Walster, E. (1972) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0033731 · Cited by 3,865 · see citing works
Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations
Bruce, S. E., Schuman, H., Steeh, C., & Bobo, L. D. (1987) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/590918 · Cited by 1,919 · see citing works
Eagly, A. H., Ashmore, R. D., Makhijani, M. G., & Longo, L. C. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.109 · Cited by 1,875 · see citing works
Black Metropolis--A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City.
Drake, C. F. T., & Cayton, H. R. (1946) · Journal of Educational Sociology · doi:10.2307/2264023 · Cited by 1,479 · see citing works
Myrdal, G. (1962) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-26403-2_5 · Cited by 1,474 · see citing works
Harvesting implicit group attitudes and beliefs from a demonstration web site.
Nosek, B. A., Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (2002) · Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice · doi:10.1037/1089-2699.6.1.101 · Cited by 1,321 · see citing works
Good-looking people are not what we think.
Feingold, A. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.111.2.304 · Cited by 1,192 · see citing works
Cunningham, M. R., Roberts, A., Barbee, A. P., Druen, P. B., & Wu, C. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.2.261 · Cited by 833 · see citing works
Skin Tone and Stratification in the Black Community
Keith, V. M., & Herring, C. (1991) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/229819 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-2427 · Cited by 624 · see citing works
The descent of man : and selection in relation to sex
Darwin, C. R. (1874) · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.54341 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Psychological sex differences: Origins through sexual selection.
Buss, D. M. (1995) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.50.3.164 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
The color complex : the politics of skin color among African Americans
Russell, K. Y., Wilson, M. L., & Hall, R. E. (1992) · Harcourt Brace Jovanovich eBooks · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Hughes, M. D., & Hertel, B. R. (1990) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/68.4.1105 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Sociobiology: An environmentalist discipline?
Crawford, C. B., & Anderson, J. L. (1989) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.44.12.1449 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Skin color preference, sexual dimorphism and sexual selection: A case of gene culture co‐evolution?*
van den Berghe, P. L., & Fröst, P. (1986) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.1986.9993516 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
The role of skin color and features in the black community: Implications for black women and therapy
Neal, A. M., & Wilson, M. L. (1989) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(89)90060-3 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Hughes, M. D., & Hertel, B. R. (1990) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2579136 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Wade, T. J. (2000) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/002075900399501 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationSex differences in sociopolitical attitudes: A replication and extension
Ekehammar, B., & Sidanius, J. (1982) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1982.tb00546.x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
African American Adolescents and Skin Color
Robinson, T. L., & Ward, J. V. (1995) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984950213004 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Bias Among African-Americans Regarding Skin Color: Implications for Social Work Practice
Hall, R. E. (1992) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/104973159200200404 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Wade, T. J. (1996) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984960223006 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationPlatow, M. J., Mills, D., & Morrison, D. (2000) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(200001/02)30:1 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Physical Attractiveness Stereotyping Among Black American College Students
Cash, T. F., & Duncan, N. C. (1984) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1984.9713459 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Wade, T. J. (2003) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798403029002001 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationSex Differences in the Accuracy of Self-Perceived Attractiveness
Rand, C. S., & Hall, J. A. (1983) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3033724 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The cost of color: Skin color, discrimination, and health among African-Americans
Monk, E. P. (2015) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/682162 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Mohammed, T., Mohammed, E., & Bascombe, S. (2017) · Journal of Public Health Research · doi:10.4081/jphr.2017.1097 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wade, T. J., Romano, M. J., & Blue, L.
- Affiliations
- Bucknell University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wade, T. Joel
- ORCID
- Wade, T. Joel
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-12
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2550-2558
- ISSN
- 0021-9029 (ISSN-L)
- 1559-1816
- OpenAlex
- W2053343863
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Keywords
- skin color, hiring preferences, racial discrimination, African Americans, gender differences in hiring, employment decisions
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review