Cited by 195Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic DiseasesCardiovascular Disease and Adiposity

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Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of the Cardiometabolic Syndrome

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Kirk, Erik P., Klein, Samuel·2009·The Journal of Clinical Hypertension

DOI 10.1111/j.1559-4572.2009.00054.xPMC PMC2859214

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Abstract

The cardiometabolic syndrome represents a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The mechanism(s) responsible for developing the cardiometabolic syndrome is not known, but it is likely that multi‐organ insulin resistance, which is a common feature of the cardiometabolic syndrome, is involved. Insulin resistance is an important risk factor for type 2 diabetes and can cause vasoconstriction and renal sodium reabsorption, leading to increased blood pressure. Alterations in adipose tissue fatty acid and adipokine metabolism are involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Excessive rates of fatty acid release into the bloodstream can impair the ability of insulin to stimulate muscle glucose uptake and suppress hepatic glucose production. Noninfectious systemic inflammation associated with adipocyte and adipose tissue macrophage cytokine production can also cause insulin resistance. In addition, increased free fatty acid delivery to the liver can stimulate hepatic very low‐density lipoprotein triglyceride production, leading to dyslipidemia.

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Additional file 10 of Healthy eating index patterns in adults by sex and age predict cardiometabolic risk factors in a cross-sectional study
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Additional file 7 of Healthy eating index patterns in adults by sex and age predict cardiometabolic risk factors in a cross-sectional study
Artegoitia, V. M., Krishnan, S., Bonnel, E. L., Stephensen, C. B., Keim, N. L., & Newman, J. W. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14820865
Additional file 1 of The conceptualisation of cardiometabolic disease policy model in the UK
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Additional file 2 of The conceptualisation of cardiometabolic disease policy model in the UK
Putri, S., Ciminata, G., Lewsey, J., Jani, B., McMeekin, N., & Geue, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.27019304
Additional file 3 of Healthy eating index patterns in adults by sex and age predict cardiometabolic risk factors in a cross-sectional study
Artegoitia, V. M., Krishnan, S., Bonnel, E. L., Stephensen, C. B., Keim, N. L., & Newman, J. W. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14820853
Additional file 9 of Healthy eating index patterns in adults by sex and age predict cardiometabolic risk factors in a cross-sectional study
Artegoitia, V. M., Krishnan, S., Bonnel, E. L., Stephensen, C. B., Keim, N. L., & Newman, J. W. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14820871
Additional file 8 of Healthy eating index patterns in adults by sex and age predict cardiometabolic risk factors in a cross-sectional study
Artegoitia, V. M., Krishnan, S., Bonnel, E. L., Stephensen, C. B., Keim, N. L., & Newman, J. W. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14820868
Additional file 5 of Healthy eating index patterns in adults by sex and age predict cardiometabolic risk factors in a cross-sectional study
Artegoitia, V. M., Krishnan, S., Bonnel, E. L., Stephensen, C. B., Keim, N. L., & Newman, J. W. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14820859
Additional file 11 of Healthy eating index patterns in adults by sex and age predict cardiometabolic risk factors in a cross-sectional study
Artegoitia, V. M., Krishnan, S., Bonnel, E. L., Stephensen, C. B., Keim, N. L., & Newman, J. W. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14820838
Additional file 13 of Healthy eating index patterns in adults by sex and age predict cardiometabolic risk factors in a cross-sectional study
Artegoitia, V. M., Krishnan, S., Bonnel, E. L., Stephensen, C. B., Keim, N. L., & Newman, J. W. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14820844
Additional file 6 of Healthy eating index patterns in adults by sex and age predict cardiometabolic risk factors in a cross-sectional study
Artegoitia, V. M., Krishnan, S., Bonnel, E. L., Stephensen, C. B., Keim, N. L., & Newman, J. W. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14820862
Additional file 1 of Healthy eating index patterns in adults by sex and age predict cardiometabolic risk factors in a cross-sectional study
Artegoitia, V. M., Krishnan, S., Bonnel, E. L., Stephensen, C. B., Keim, N. L., & Newman, J. W. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14820847
Additional file 4 of Healthy eating index patterns in adults by sex and age predict cardiometabolic risk factors in a cross-sectional study
Artegoitia, V. M., Krishnan, S., Bonnel, E. L., Stephensen, C. B., Keim, N. L., & Newman, J. W. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14820856
Additional file 12 of Healthy eating index patterns in adults by sex and age predict cardiometabolic risk factors in a cross-sectional study
Artegoitia, V. M., Krishnan, S., Bonnel, E. L., Stephensen, C. B., Keim, N. L., & Newman, J. W. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14820841
Additional file 2 of Healthy eating index patterns in adults by sex and age predict cardiometabolic risk factors in a cross-sectional study
Artegoitia, V. M., Krishnan, S., Bonnel, E. L., Stephensen, C. B., Keim, N. L., & Newman, J. W. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14820850
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Authors: Kirk, E. P., & Klein, S.
Affiliations: Washington University in St. Louis (US)
Corresponding author: Klein, Samuel
ORCID: Klein, Samuel
Venue: The Journal of Clinical Hypertension
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2009-12
Volume: 11
Issue: 12
Pages: 761-765
ISSN: 1524-6175 (ISSN-L)
1751-7176
DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-4572.2009.00054.x
PMC: PMC2859214
OpenAlex: W1972602644
Cited by: 195
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 24 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 0.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Clinical Hypertension (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K01DK078738)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
Keywords: cardiometabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, adipose tissue, adipokines, fatty acid metabolism, systemic inflammation, adipose tissue macrophages, hepatic glucose production, muscle glucose uptake, free fatty acids, dyslipidemia, VLDL, cardiovascular risk
MeSH terms: Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Fatty Acids, Humans, Hypertension, Insulin Resistance, Obesity, Risk Factors, Vasoconstriction, Prevalence, Muscle, Skeletal, Metabolic Syndrome

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