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Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of the Cardiometabolic Syndrome
Open accessAbstract
The cardiometabolic syndrome represents a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The mechanism(s) responsible for developing the cardiometabolic syndrome is not known, but it is likely that multi‐organ insulin resistance, which is a common feature of the cardiometabolic syndrome, is involved. Insulin resistance is an important risk factor for type 2 diabetes and can cause vasoconstriction and renal sodium reabsorption, leading to increased blood pressure. Alterations in adipose tissue fatty acid and adipokine metabolism are involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Excessive rates of fatty acid release into the bloodstream can impair the ability of insulin to stimulate muscle glucose uptake and suppress hepatic glucose production. Noninfectious systemic inflammation associated with adipocyte and adipose tissue macrophage cytokine production can also cause insulin resistance. In addition, increased free fatty acid delivery to the liver can stimulate hepatic very low‐density lipoprotein triglyceride production, leading to dyslipidemia.
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“Weight loss is the cornerstone of therapy for people with obesity because it can ameliorate or completely resolve the metabolic risk factors for diabetes, coronary artery disease, and obesity-associated cancers.”
From Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kirk, E. P., & Klein, S.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Klein, Samuel
- ORCID
- Klein, Samuel
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Hypertension
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 761-765
- ISSN
- 1524-6175 (ISSN-L)
- 1751-7176
- PMC
- PMC2859214
- OpenAlex
- W1972602644
- Cited by
- 195
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 0.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Hypertension (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K01DK078738)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
- Keywords
- cardiometabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, adipose tissue, adipokines, fatty acid metabolism, systemic inflammation, adipose tissue macrophages, hepatic glucose production, muscle glucose uptake, free fatty acids, dyslipidemia, VLDL, cardiovascular risk
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Fatty Acids, Humans, Hypertension, Insulin Resistance, Obesity, Risk Factors, Vasoconstriction, Prevalence, Muscle, Skeletal, Metabolic Syndrome
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