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Cited by 16Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentDevelopmental and Educational Neuropsychology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 137 of the 137 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Follow‐ups of children with attention delicit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Lie, Nils·1992·Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1992.tb10575.x
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Abstract

Summary: The development of a syndrome most often referred to as Minimal Brain Dysfunction (MBD), the Hyperactive (Hyperkinetic) Syndrome, Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) shows that almost identical conditions have been named differently, whereas identical labels have been used for different conditions, with several unfortunate consequences. The pioneering research was carried out on patient populations, drawn from private practice as well as from hospitals. This has influenced the description of the syndrome(s) Neurologists have described a disorder which is different from that observed by child psychiatrists. Since it is subjects with concurrent ADHD and conduct problems who represent problems to parents and teachers, whereas those with ADHD but with normal conduct do not, it is the former who are referred for treatment. In the United States, these children were studied, and rating scales for the Hyperactive Syndrome were developed according to their symptoms. Early conduct problems were incorrectly interpreted as symptoms of ADHD. The difference between European and US diagnostic practices is most clearly shown in epidemiological studies. In U.S. publications, it has been purported that 50% of children are at risk for MBD, and that 75% of all child psychiatric patients were suffering from a Hyperactive Syndrome. The corresponding frequencies in Europe have been 1‐2% and 1.5% respectively. About ten years ago. US. child psychiatrists noted that they had used the diagnosis too frequently and that the European practice and the epidemiological findings reported from Europe were correct This has been considered in DSM‐III and DSM‐III‐R. Considering that up to 75% of patients in Child Psychiatric Clinics were diagnosed as suffering from a Hyperactive syndrome, whereas the correct rate would have been 1‐2%, it is obvious that in U.S. projects prior to 1980, few if any of U.S. child psychiatric patients had ADHD according to the present criteria. Some had ADHD in addition to conduct problems. Most had probably conduct problems (not the full CD syndrome) with situational (not pervasive) hyperactivity without ADHD. The socalled “hyperactives” did not have Conduct Disorder (CD). This diagnosis requires symptoms such as stealing, forgery, armed robbery, truancy from school or absence from work, rape, use of weapon. Obviously, this is a diagnosis which is not adequate for preschool children. However, children who were incorrectly diagnosed as hyperactive had unpredictable show of affection, were unpredictable, unresponsive to discipline, and could not accept correction. They were defiant, irritable, reckless, unpopular with peers, accident prone and destructive. They lied, teased and fought. It appears that these features are symptoms of a pre‐CD. Formerly, is was purported that ADHD and CD were in fact one syndrome. However, as a consequence of improved methodology, it has during recent years been possible to show that ADHD and CD are different disorders; differing regarding etiology as well as prognosis. However. it appears that questionnaires are too insensitive instruments for such a differentiation. When longitudinal studies regarding ADHD are reviewed, and findings are interpreted, it is necessary to consider whether the subjects had ADHD, conduct problems (i.e. pre‐CD), or a mixture of both disorders. Otherwise. the results will be totally misleading. The revieved projects have without exception been carried out in North America. The studies started at a time when the U.S. criteria of the “Syndrome” was very “broad” and when 30‐ 75 percent of all U.S. child psychiatric patients were diagnosed hyperactive, compared to 1‐2 percent in Great Britain. It has been shown in the introduction that the “Syndrome” was diagnosed far too often in the United States, and that the European concept is the correct one. Consequently, the majority of the cases in long‐term studies, at least those drawn from patient populations, probably did not have a “true”“Syndrome”, i.e. they did not have exclusively ADHD. Only a minority appears to have had ADHD, whereas most had conduct problems with or without ADHD. The most outstanding advantages and shortcomings of the projects to be reviewed will be briefly summarized: The differences in the Tables may represent true differences More probably, they are the consequence of subjects with educational and conduct problems in childhood being compared to controls without a childhood history of such problems, i.e the differences may not be related to ADHD at all The results presented in the previous chapter have been supported by additional studies cited in this chapter.

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Crossref · 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1992.tb10575.x

Cites

137 of 137 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Follow-up studies show ADHD persists during adolescence and adulthood in around two-thirds of individuals, either as full disorder or partial remission with impairing symptoms.

    “Numerous follow-up studies of children with ADHD show that the disorder persists during adolescence and adulthood in around two-thirds of individuals [3-11] either as the full blown disorder or in 'partial remission' with persistence of some symptoms associated with continued clinical and psychosocial impairments.”

    From European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD (2010) · cites this paper as [4]

  • ADHD is among the most common psychiatric disorders of childhood and persists into adulthood in the majority of cases.

    “Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most common psychiatric disorders of childhood that persists into adulthood in the majority of cases.”

    From European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD (2010) · cites this paper as [4]

Citations

Cites

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Research works printed but not linked: 38

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  2. DYKMAN RA., 1980, Long term follow‐up studies of hyperactive children, Advances in BehavPediatr, 1, 97
  3. KAPLAN HI, 1988, Clinical psychiatry
  4. HOFFMANN H., 1854, Der Struwweipeter: Oder lustige Geschichten und drollige Bilder
  5. LEMKE R., 1953, Das enthemmte Kind mit choreiformer Symptomatik, Psychiatr Neurol Med Psychol, 5, 290
  6. STILL GF., 1902, Coulstonian lectures on some abnormal physical conditions in children, Lancet, 1, 1077
  7. EBOUGH FG., 1923, Neuropsychiatry sequelae of acute epidemic encephalitis in children, Am J Dis Children, 25, 89
  8. STRAUSS AA., 1947, Psychopathoiogy and education of the brain‐injured child
  9. CLEMENTS SD., 1966, Minimal brain dysfunction in children. National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, Monograph No 3
  10. LEVY S., 1966, The hyperkinetic child ‐ A forgotten entity in diagnosis and treatment, Internal J Neuropsychiatry, 2, 330
  11. American Psychiatric Association, 1968, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
  12. LAVIK NJ., 1976, Ungdoms mentale helse
  13. CHAPEL JL., 1982, A follow‐up of inattentive and/or hyperactive children from birth to seven years, J Operational Psychiatry, 13, 17
  14. GREENBERG L, 1971, Pharmacotherapy of hyperactive children: Current practices, Clin Proc Child Hosp DC, 27, 101
  15. SANDBERG ST., 1981, Strategic interventions for hyperactive children, 8
  16. CONNERS CK., 1986, Developmental clinical psychology and psychiatry
  17. CANTWELL DP., 1975, The hyperactive child. Diagnosis, management, current research, 3
  18. GITTELMAN M., 1981, Strategic interventions for hyperactive children, 1
  19. LEVINE MD., 1980, Hyperactivity, Symptom complex or complex symptom? Am J Ois Child, 134, 409
  20. TAYLOR E, Factor analysis of Conners' Teacher Questionnaire ratings on British children (in preparation), Cited in ref., 68, 308
  21. LONEY J, 1981, Psychosocial aspects of drug treatment for hyperactivity. AAAS Selected Symposium, 381
  22. TAYLOR E., 1986, Diagnosis and classification in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 564
  23. OETTINGER L, 1977, Learning Disabilities and Related Disorders
  24. BUTTER HJ, 1977, Attention, sensory reception, and autonomic reactivity of hyperactives: A follow‐up study, Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa, 2, 106
  25. TRITES RL., 1981, Psychosocial aspects of drug treatment for hyperactivity. AAAS Selected Symposium, 151
  26. HENKER B., 1981, Psychosocial aspects of drug treatment for hyperactivity. AA AS Selected Symposium, 443
  27. VARLEY CK., 1985, A review of studies of drug treatment efficiacy for attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity in adolescents, Psychopharm Bull, 21, 216
  28. BORLAND BL., 1979, Psychiatric aspects of minimal brain dysfunction in adults, 45
  29. HOWELL DC., 1981, Strategic interventions for hyperactive children, 201
  30. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1979.tb00504.x · DOI
  31. HECHTMAN L., 1981, Psychosocial aspects of drug treatment for hyperactivity. AAAS Selected Symposium, 417
  32. HECHTMAN L, 1981, Strategic interventions for hyperactive children, 186
  33. KOHLBERG L, 1972, Manual of child psy‐chopathology, 1217
  34. LIE N., 1988, Boys who became offenders. A 10‐ year follow‐up of 2203 boys tested with projective methods, Acta Psychiatr Scand
  35. HARGREAVES DH, 1980, Classrooms, schools and juvenile delinquency, Educational Analysis, 2, 75
  36. WEST DJ., 1982, Its roots, careers and prospects
  37. LEFKOWITZ MM, 1977, Growing up to become violent: A longitudinal study of the development of aggression
  38. CONGER J.J., 1966, Personality, social class, and delinquncy

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Metadata

Authors
Lie, N.
Corresponding author
Lie, Nils
Venue
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
Publisher
Wiley
Published
1992-05
Volume
85
Issue
s368
Pages
1-40
ISSN
  • 0001-690X (ISSN-L)
  • 1600-0447
DOI
10.1111/j.1600-0447.1992.tb10575.x
OpenAlex
W2135148803
Cited by
16
References
137
Citations by year
2023: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2013: 1
FWCI
0.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 5592 d)
Locations
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Keywords
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, unnecessary testing, minimal brain dysfunction, follow-up of children, DSM-III criteria, rating scales, misdiagnosis, child psychiatry, preschool children, ADHD treatment

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