Prevalence and incidence of depressive disorder: the Baltimore ECA follow-up, 1981–2004
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Objective: To describe trends in prevalence and incidence of depressive disorder in a cohort from Eastern Baltimore. Method: Twenty‐three‐year‐old longitudinal cohort, the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Follow‐up. Participants were selected probabilistically from the household population in 1981, and interviewed in 1981, 1993, and 2004. Diagnoses were made via the Diagnostic Interview Schedule according to successive editions of the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Results: Older age, lower education, non‐White race, and cognitive impairment are independent predictors of attrition due to death and loss of contact, but depressive disorder is not related to attrition. Prevalence rates rise for females between 1981, 1993, and 2004. Incidence rates in the period 1993–2004 are lower than the period 1981–1993, suggesting the rise in prevalence is due to increasing chronicity. Conclusion: There has been a rise in the prevalence of depression in the prior quarter century among middle‐aged females.
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Contrary to recent literature, the epidemiology of both MDD and dysthymia remained relatively stable over time.
“Contrary to recent literature on the topic [35],[36], our findings suggest that the epidemiology of both MDD and dysthymia remained relatively stable over time.”
From Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age, and year: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (2013) · cites this paper as [35]
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- Authors
- Eaton, W. W., Kalaydjian, A., Scharfstein, D. O., Mezuk, B., & Ding, Y.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Eaton, W. W.
- Venue
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-04-05
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 182-188
- ISSN
- 0001-690X (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0447
- PMC
- PMC3700526
- OpenAlex
- W1990433316
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 20.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH047447, MH 47447, F31MH078443)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- depressive disorders, depression prevalence, depression incidence, temporal trends, chronicity of depression, middle-aged women, sex differences, attrition, cognitive impairment, race and education
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Mental Disorders, Catchment Area, Health, Chronic Disease, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dementia, Depressive Disorder, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Assessment, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Urban Population, Baltimore, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, Incidence
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