Recent increases in depressive symptoms among US adolescents: trends from 1991 to 2018
Open accessAbstract
Background Mental health problems and mental health related mortality have increased among adolescents, particularly girls. These trends have implications for etiology and prevention and suggest new and emerging risk factors in need of attention. The present study estimated age, period, and cohort effects in depressive symptoms among US nationally representative samples of school attending adolescents from 1991 to 2018.Methods Data are drawn from 1991 to 2018 Monitoring the Future yearly cross-sectional surveys of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students (N = 1,260,159). Depressive symptoms measured with four questions that had consistent wording and data collection procedures across all 28 years. Age-period-cohort effects estimated using the hierarchical age-period-cohort models.Results Among girls, depressive symptoms decreased from 1991 to 2011, then reversed course, peaking in 2018; these increases reflected primarily period effects, which compared to the mean of all periods showed a gradual increase starting in 2012 and peaked in 2018 (estimate = 1.15, p < 0.01). Cohort effects were minimal, indicating that increases are observed across all age groups. Among boys, trends were similar although the extent of the increase is less marked compared to girls; there was a declining cohort effect among recently born cohorts, suggesting that increases in depressive symptoms among boys are slower for younger boys compared to older boys in recent years. Trends were generally similar by race/ethnicity and parental education, with a positive cohort effect for Hispanic girls born 1999-2004.Conclusions Depressive symptoms are increasing among teens, especially among girls, consistent with increases in depression and suicide. Population variation in psychiatric disorder symptoms highlight the importance of current environmental determinants of psychiatric disorder risk, and provide evidence of emerging risk factors that may be shaping a new and concerning trend in adolescent mental health.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
These findings are consistent with recent increases in depression and suicidal ideation and behaviors among US adolescents.
“These findings are consistent with recent increases in depression and suicidal ideation and behaviors among US adolescents [39–42].”
From Age, period, and cohort effects on suicide death in the United States from 1999 to 2018: moderation by sex, race, and firearm involvement (2021) · cites this paper as [40]
Rates of adolescent-emergent mental health problems (depressive and anxiety disorders, NSSI, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors) have been increasing worldwide, especially over the past decade, and most notably amongst girls.
“Layered atop these well-known developmental trajectories, a series of new findings indicate that rates of these adolescent-emergent mental health problems (depressive and anxiety disorders, NSSI, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors) have been increasing worldwide -- especially over the past decade, and most notably amongst girls.(2,20–23)”
From Puberty Initiates Cascading Relationships Between Neurodevelopmental, Social, and Internalizing Processes Across Adolescence (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Koretz, D., Merikangas, K. R., Rush, A. J., Walters, E. E., & Wang, P. S. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.23.3095 · Cited by 7,988 · see citing works
Monitoring the Future: National Results on Adolescent Drug Use: Overview of Key Findings
Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2003) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1037/e560352009-001 · Cited by 6,930 · see citing works
Self-citationMerikangas, K. R., He, J.-P., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., Benjet, C., Georgiades, K., & Swendsen, J. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017 · Cited by 6,278 · see citing works
Polanczyk, G. V., Salum, G. A., Sugaya, L. S., Caye, A., & Rohde, L. A. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12381 · Cited by 3,990 · see citing works
Miech, R., Johnston, L. A., O'Malley, P., Bachman, J., Schulenberg, J., & Patrick, M. E. (2005) · doi:10.3998/2027.42/146530 · Cited by 1,771 · see citing works
Self-citationTwenge, J. M., Joiner, T. E., Rogers, M. L., & Martin, G. N. (2018) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702617723376 · Cited by 1,705 · see citing works
Hasin, D. S., Goodwin, R. D., Stinson, F. S., & Grant, B. F. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.10.1097 · Cited by 1,645 · see citing works
National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults.
Mojtabai, R., Olfson, M., & Han, B. (2016) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1878 · Cited by 1,424 · see citing works
Children Of The Great Depression: 25th Anniversary Edition
Elder, G. H. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,135 · see citing works
Tsuno, N., Besset, A., & Ritchie, K. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v66n1008 · Cited by 1,084 · see citing works
Is there an epidemic of child or adolescent depression?
Jane Costello, E., Erkanli, A., & Angold, A. (2006) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01682.x · Cited by 983 · cited 3× · see citing works
“This relative stability in symptoms of depressive symptoms through most years covered here corresponds to evidence from other longitudinal studies and meta-analyses [2, 16, 20].”
BackgroundResultNonspecific Psychological Distress and Other Dimensions of Psychopathology
Dohrenwend, B. P. (1980) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1980.01780240027003 · Cited by 947 · see citing works
Przybylski, A. K., & Weinstein, N. (2017) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797616678438 · Cited by 890 · see citing works
Children of the Great Depression: Social Change in Life Experience.
Coles, R., & Elder, G. H. (1975) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2576115 · Cited by 845 · see citing works
National Trends in the Outpatient Treatment of Depression
Olfson, M. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.287.2.203 · Cited by 834 · see citing works
Consilience and Life History Theory: From genes to brain to reproductive strategy
FIGUEREDO, A., VASQUEZ, G., BRUMBACH, B., SCHNEIDER, S., SEFCEK, J., TAL, I., HILL, D., WENNER, C., & JACOBS, W. (2006) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2006.02.002 · Cited by 793 · see citing works
Increasing Rates of Depression
Klerman, G. L. (1989) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03420150079041 · Cited by 781 · see citing works
National Patterns in Antidepressant Medication Treatment
Olfson, M., & Marcus, S. C. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.81 · Cited by 730 · see citing works
Bullying and Suicidal Ideation and Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis
Holt, M. K., Vivolo-Kantor, A. M., Polanin, J. R., Holland, K. M., DeGue, S., Matjasko, J. L., Wolfe, M., & Reid, G. (2015) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-1864 · Cited by 675 · see citing works
Associations among bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide in high school students
Bauman, S., Toomey, R. B., & Walker, J. L. (2013) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.12.001 · Cited by 665 · see citing works
Cautionary Statement for Forensic Use of DSM-5
(2014) · Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.744053 · Cited by 624 · see citing works
(2016) · PubMed · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Bonanno, R. A., & Hymel, S. (2013) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-013-9937-1 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
The Great Sleep Recession: Changes in Sleep Duration Among US Adolescents, 1991–2012
Keyes, K. M., Maslowsky, J., Hamilton, A., & Schulenberg, J. (2015) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-2707 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Self-citationShensa, A., Escobar-Viera, C. G., Sidani, J. E., Bowman, N. D., Marshal, M. P., & Primack, B. A. (2017) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.061 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
The association between social media use and sleep disturbance among young adults
Levenson, J. C., Shensa, A., Sidani, J. E., Colditz, J. B., & Primack, B. A. (2016) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.01.001 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review.
Bottino, S. M. B., Bottino, C. M. C., Regina, C. G., Correia, A. V. L., & Ribeiro, W. S. (2015) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311x00036114 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Trends in Mental Health Care among Children and Adolescents
Olfson, M., Druss, B. G., & Marcus, S. C. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa1413512 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Mittal, C., & Griskevicius, V. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037398 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Schulenberg, J. E., & Zarrett, N. R. (2006) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11381-006 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Self-citationA 40-Year Perspective on the Prevalence of Depression: The Stirling County Study
Murphy, J. M., Laird, N. M., Monson, R. R., Sobol, A. M., & Leighton, A. H. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.3.209 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Klerman, G. L. (1985) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790300057007 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
National trends in the treatment for depression from 1998 to 2007
Marcus, S. C., & Olfson, M. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.151 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Keyes, K. M., Utz, R. L., Robinson, W., & Li, G. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.12.018 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, Y., & Land, K. C. (2013) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/b13902 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Age-cohort changes in the lifetime occurrence of depression and other mental disorders.
Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., Seeley, J. R., & Fischer, S. A. (1993) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.102.1.110 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
(2010) · Sociological Methodology · doi:10.1111/(issn)1467-9531 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Childhood and Adolescent Depression
Angold, A. C. (1988) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.152.5.601 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
The decline in adult activities among U.S. adolescents, 1976–2016
Twenge, J. M., & Park, H. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12930 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Merline, A. C., Jager, J., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2008) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02178.x · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Self-citationAge-cohort changes in the lifetime occurrence of depression and other mental disorders.
Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., Seeley, J. R., et al. (1993) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.102.1.110 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Messias, E., Kindrick, K., & Castro, J. (2014) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.02.005 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Smartphones are bad for some teens, not all
Odgers, C. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-018-02109-8 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Prevalence and incidence of depressive disorder: the Baltimore ECA follow-up, 1981–2004
Eaton, W. W., Kalaydjian, A., Scharfstein, D. O., Mezuk, B., & Ding, Y. (2007) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01017.x · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Schneider, S. K., O’Donnell, L. N., & Smith, E. (2015) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.12290 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Digital Self-Harm Among Adolescents
Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2017) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.06.012 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Age, Period, and Cohort Effects in Psychological Distress in the United States and Canada
Keyes, K. M., Nicholson, R. C., Kinley, J., Raposo, S., Stein, M. B., Goldner, E. M., & Sareen, J. (2014) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwu029 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationIncidence of depression in the Stirling County Study: historical and comparative perspectives
Murphy, J. M., Laird, N. M., Monson, R. R., Sobol, A. M., & Leighton, A. H. (2000) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291799002044 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Age at Menarche: 50-Year Socioeconomic Trends Among US-Born Black and White Women
Krieger, N., Kiang, M. V., Кошелева, А., Waterman, P. D., Chen, J. T., & Beckfield, J. (2014) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.301936 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Martins, S. S., Segura, L. E., Santaella-Tenorio, J., Perlmutter, A. S., Fenton, M. C., Cerdá, M., Keyes, K. M., Ghandour, L. A., Storr, C. L., & Hasin, D. S. (2016) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.08.033 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationNegative Experiences on Facebook and Depressive Symptoms Among Young Adults
Rosenthal, S. R., Buka, S. L., Marshall, B. D. L., Carey, K. B., & Clark, M. A. (2016) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.06.023 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Robinson, W. R., Utz, R., Keyes, K. M., Martin, C. L., & Yang, T. (2012) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.198 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationMaslowsky, J., Schulenberg, J. E., & Zucker, R. A. (2013) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035085 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationManifestations of depressive affect in adolescence
Cantwell, D. P., & Baker, L. (1991) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01537604 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Maslowsky, J., Schulenberg, J. E., O’Malley, P. M., & Kloska, D. D. (2013) · Mental Health and Substance Use · doi:10.1080/17523281.2013.786750 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Monitoring the Future Project After Four Decades: Design and Procedures
Bachman, J. G., Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Schulenberg, J. E., & Miech, R. A. (2015) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · doi:10.7302/3715 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationClarifying hierarchical age–period–cohort models: A rejoinder to Bell and Jones
Reither, E. N., Land, K. C., Jeon, S. Y., Powers, D. A., Masters, R. K., Zheng, H., Hardy, M. A., Keyes, K. M., Fu, Q., Hanson, H. A., et al. (2015) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.07.013 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationIs Mental Health in the Canadian Population Changing over Time?
Simpson, K. R. S., Meadows, G. N., FRANCES, A. J., & Patten, S. B. (2012) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371205700508 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Holfeld, B. J., & Sukhawathanakul, P. (2017) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2016.0194 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Keyes, K. M., Jager, J., Hamilton, A. D., O’Malley, P. M., Miech, R. A., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.031 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationHealthy personality development and well‐being
Cloninger, C. R. (2012) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.wpsyc.2012.05.019 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Adolescent adaptation before, during and in the aftermath of the Great Recession in the USA
Johnson, M. K., Staff, J., Patrick, M. E., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2016) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12389 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationMixed Effects Models: Hierarchical APC-Growth Curve Analysis of Prospective Cohort Data
Yang, Y., & Land, K. C. (2013) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/b13902-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Directions for Future Research and Conclusion
Yang, Y., & Land, K. C. (2013) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/b13902-10 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The social determinants of mental health and disorder: evidence, prevention and recommendations
Kirkbride, J. B., Anglin, D. M., Colman, I., Dykxhoorn, J. L., Jones, P. B., Patalay, P., Pitman, A., Soneson, E., Steare, T., Wright, T., et al. (2024) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21160 · Cited by 1,410 · see citing works
“A rapid increase in self reported depressive symptoms amongst younger adolescents in the US since 2012 has also been reported, peaking in 2018 (the last date of available survey data) 21 .”
BackgroundOdgers, C. L., & Jensen, M. R. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13190 · Cited by 1,189 · see citing works
Shanahan, L., Steinhoff, A., Bechtiger, L., Murray, A. L., Nivette, A., Hepp, U., Ribeaud, D., & Eisner, M. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329172000241x · Cited by 675 · see citing works
Smartphones, social media use and youth mental health
Abi-Jaoude, E., Naylor, K. T., & Pignatiello, A. (2020) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.190434 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Twenge, J. M., & Martin, G. N. (2020) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.12.018 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
Shanahan, L., Steinhoff, A., Bechtiger, L., Murray, A. L., Nivette, A. E., Hepp, U., Ribeaud, D., & Eisner, M. (2020) · Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) · doi:10.17863/cam.57251 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Worldwide increases in adolescent loneliness
Twenge, J. M., Haidt, J., Blake, A. B., McAllister, C., Lemon, H., & Le Roy, A. (2021) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.06.006 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Pfeifer, J. H., & Allen, N. B. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.09.002 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Daly, M. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.08.026 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
National Trends in Mental Health–Related Emergency Department Visits Among Youth, 2011-2020
Bommersbach, T. J., McKean, A. J. S., Olfson, M., & Rhee, T. G. (2023) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2023.4809 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Choukas-Bradley, S., Roberts, S. R., Maheux, A. J., & Nesi, J. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ju92a · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Choukas-Bradley, S., Roberts, S. R., Maheux, A. J., & Nesi, J. (2022) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-022-00404-5 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Twenge, J. (2020) · Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1176/appi.prcp.20190015 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
“2010 have shown declines in happiness, life satisfaction, and flourishing (5, 6) and increases in loneliness (7), anxiety (5), depressive symptoms (5, 8, 9), major depressive episodes in the past year (10, 11), hospital admissions for self‐harm behaviors (nonsuicidal self‐injury) (12), suicidal ideation (13), self‐har…”
BackgroundWerner‐Seidler, A., Spanos, S., Calear, A. L., Perry, Y., Torok, M. H., O’Dea, B., Christensen, H. M., & Newby, J. M. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102079 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Wiens, K., Bhattarai, A., Pedram, P., Dores, A., Williams, J., Bulloch, A., & Patten, S. (2020) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796020000281 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
“Recently, the use of repeated cross-sectional survey data has improved the ability to analyse trends in youth mental health (Thorisdottir et al., 2017; Wiens et al., 2017; Han et al., 2018; Pitchforth et al., 2018; Keyes et al., 2019; Twenge et al., 2019); however, there remains a paucity of research that examines sev…”
Not all screen time is created equal: associations with mental health vary by activity and gender
Twenge, J. M., & Farley, E. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-020-01906-9 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Sander, J., Moessner, M., & Bauer, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052779 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Twenge, J. M., Haidt, J., Lozano, J., & Cummins, K. M. (2022) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103512 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
The youth mental health crisis: analysis and solutions
McGorry, P. D., Gunasiri, H., Mei, C., Rice, S., & Gao, C. X. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1517533 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Why increases in adolescent depression may be linked to the technological environment
Twenge, J. M. (2020) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.06.036 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Xiao, Y., Cerel, J., & Mann, J. J. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.13513 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Depression and Anxiety Among US Children and Young Adults
Xiang, A. H., Martinez, M. P., Chow, T., Carter, S., Negriff, S. L., Velasquez, B., Spitzer, J., Zuberbuhler, J. C., Zucker, A., & Kumar, S. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.36906 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Wilson, S., & Dumornay, N. M. (2022) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.12.003 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Time trends and disparities in anxiety among adolescents, 2012–2018
Parodi, K. B., Holt, M. K., Green, J. G., Porche, M. V. M., Koenig, B. W., & Xuan, Z. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-021-02122-9 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
“recently documented that depressive symptoms rose significantly over the same time period (2012–2018) in a nationally representative sample of US school-attending youth, with marked increases among females [39].”
BackgroundScreen time, social media use, and adolescent development
Odgers, C. L., Schueller, S. M., & Ito, M. (2020) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084815 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Pediatric Mental Health Hospitalizations at Acute Care Hospitals in the US, 2009-2019
Arakelyan, M., Freyleue, S., Avula, D., McLaren, J. L., O’Malley, A. J., & Leyenaar, J. K. (2023) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2023.1992 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Laporte, N., Soenens, B., BRENNING, K. M., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2021) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.02.004 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“Adolescents are at greater risk for psychological dificulties compared to younger children and adults (Dekovic et al., 2004; Zahn-Waxler et al., 2000), with this vulnerability increasing during the last decennium (Keyes et al., 2019).”
Krokstad, S., Weiß, D., Krokstad, M. A., Rangul, V., Kvaløy, K., Ingul, J. M., Bjerkeset, O. A., Twenge, J. M., & Sund, E. R. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057654 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Lubans, D. R., Smith, J. J., Eather, N., Leahy, A. A., Morgan, P. J., Lonsdale, C., Plotnikoff, R. C., Nilsson, M., Kennedy, S. G., Holliday, E. G., et al. (2020) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2020-103277 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Khan, A., Lee, E., Rosenbaum, S., Khan, S. R., & Tremblay, M. S. (2021) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(21)00200-5 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
More Bored Today Than Yesterday? National Trends in Adolescent Boredom From 2008 to 2017
Weybright, E. H., Schulenberg, J. E., & Caldwell, L. L. (2019) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.09.021 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial Media Use and Depressive Symptoms Among United States Adolescents
Kreski, N., Platt, J., Rutherford, C., Olfson, M., Odgers, C., Schulenberg, J., & Keyes, K. M. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.07.006 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial Media Use and Depressive Symptoms-A Longitudinal Study from Early to Late Adolescence
Puukko, K., Hietajärvi, L., Maksniemi, E., Alho, K., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17165921 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Steinhoff, A., Ribeaud, D., Kupferschmid, S., Raible-Destan, N., Quednow, B. B., Hepp, U., Eisner, M., & Shanahan, L. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01573-w · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Adolescents’ Mental Health at School: The Mediating Role of Life Satisfaction
Cavioni, V., Grazzani, I., Ornaghi, V., Agliati, A., & Pepe, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.720628 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Trends in eating disorder risk among U.S. college students, 2013–2021
Daly, M., & Costigan, E. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114882 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Affective disorders, which are highly comorbid with EDs (Swinbourne et al., 2012), have also risen most sharply among young females in the US over the past decade (Daly, 2021; Keyes et al., 2019; Twenge et al., 2019).”
BackgroundInfluentialDepression and suicide-risk screening results in pediatric primary care
Kemper, A. R., Hostutler, C. A., Beck, K., Fontanella, C. A., & Bridge, J. A. (2021) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2021-049999 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Conte, G., Iorio, G. D., Esposito, D., Romano, S., Panvino, F., Maggi, S., Altomonte, B., Casini, M. P., Ferrara, M., & Terrinoni, A. (2025) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-024-02581-w · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“The burgeoning popularity of smart-phones and social media (SM) over the past fifteen years has garnered growing attention in connection with the nota - ble increase in mental health issues among youth observed globally [14, 22–25].”
Cohen, Z. P., Cosgrove, K. T., DeVille, D. C., Akeman, E., Singh, M. K., White, E. J., Stewart, J. L., Aupperle, R. L., Paulus, M. P., & Kirlić, N. (2021) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2021.622608 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Adolescent development and growing divides in the digital age
Odgers, C. L., & Jensen, M. R. (2020) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2020.22.2/codgers · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Hjetland, G., Schønning, V., Hella, R. T., Veseth, M., & Skogen, J. (2020) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00582-x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Historical language records reveal a surge of cognitive distortions in recent decades
Bollen, J., ten Thij, M., Breithaupt, F. A., Barron, A. T. J., Rutter, L. A., Lorenzo‐Luaces, L., & Scheffer, M. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2102061118 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Dynamics of adolescents’ smartphone use and well-being are positive but ephemeral
Marciano, L., Driver, C., Schulz, P. J., & Camerini, A.-L. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05291-y · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Is the US Gender Gap in Depression Changing Over Time? A Meta-Regression
Platt, J. M., Bates, L. M., Jager, J., McLaughlin, K. A., & Keyes, K. M. (2021) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwab002 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationCourtney, D. B., Watson, P., Krause, K. R., Chan, B. W. C., Bennett, K., Gunlicks-Stoessel, M., Rodak, T., Neprily, K., Zentner, T., & Szatmari, P. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.46331 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
What is needed to eradicate the depression epidemic, and why
Ormel, J., Cuijpers, P., Jorm, A., & Schoevers, R. A. (2020) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2019.200177 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Secular trends in mental health problems among young people in Norway: a review and meta-analysis
Potrebny, T., Nilsen, S. A., Bakken, A., von Soest, T., Kvaløy, K., Samdal, O., Sivertsen, B., Aase, H., & Bang, L. (2024) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-024-02371-4 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“The findings for males are more mixed, however, with certain studies identifying increases over time [39, 42, 44] and others finding more stable or decreasing trends [37, 38, 41].”
Askari, M. S., Rutherford, C. G., Mauro, P. M., Kreski, N. T., & Keyes, K. M. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-021-02189-4 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationSutcliffe, K., Ball, J., Clark, T. C., Archer, D. J., Peiris-John, R. J., Crengle, S. M., & Fleming, T. M. (2022) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674221138503 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Girls, mental health and academic achievement: a qualitative systematic review
Stentiford, L., Koutsouris, G., & Allan, A. (2021) · Educational Review · doi:10.1080/00131911.2021.2007052 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“This resonates with research from other countries that indicates that girls are likely to display greater prevalence of mental health difficulties such as anxiety and depression (e.g. Beattie et al., 2019; Keyes et al., 2019).”
ResultAdolescent social media use and well-being: a systematic review and thematic meta-synthesis
Shankleman, M., Hammond, L., & Jones, F. W. (2021) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-021-00154-5 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Kostyrka‐Allchorne, K., Stoilova, M., Bourgaize, J., Rahali, M., Livingstone, S., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2022) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12619 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Hickingbotham, M. R., Wong, C., & Bowling, A. B. (2021) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibab085 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Weissman, D. G., Rodman, A. M., Rosen, M. L., Kasparek, S. W., Mayes, M., Sheridan, M. A., Lengua, L. J., Meltzoff, A. N., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.06.001 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“The COVID-19 pandemic has produced sudden and unprecedented changes in the lives of adolescents that have introduced many novel stressors and exacerbated risk for anxiety and depression (7 – 11), which were already on the rise among adolescents in the United States (51).”
InfluentialSuicide assessment and treatment in pediatric primary care settings
Sisler, S. M., Schapiro, N. A., Nakaishi, M., & Steinbuchel, P. H. (2020) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/jcap.12282 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Schumacher, A., Campisi, S. C., Khalfan, A. F., Merriman, K., Williams, T. S., & Korczak, D. J. (2023) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.11.005 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Knowles, G., Gayer-Anderson, C. E., Turner, A. M., Dorn, L., Lam, J., Davis, S., Blakey, R., Lowis, K., Young Persons Advisory Group, Pinfold, V., et al. (2022) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13586 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Declines in non‐digital social interaction among Americans, 2003–2017
Twenge, J. M., & Spitzberg, B. H. (2020) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12665 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Martínez-Alés, G., Pamplin, J. R., Rutherford, C., Gimbrone, C., Kandula, S., Olfson, M., Gould, M. S., Shaman, J., & Keyes, K. M. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01078-1 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationSteinsbekk, S., Nesi, J. L., & Wichstrøm, L. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107859 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“During this period, the prevalence of emotional problems in youth has increased (Keyes, Gary, O’Malley, Hamilton, & Schulenberg, 2019; Lebrun-Harris, Ghandour, Kogan, & Warren, 2022; Mojtabai, Olfson, & Han, 2016; Parodi et al., 2022; Platt, Bates, Jager, McLaughlin, & Keyes, 2021; Shorey, Ng, &…”
BackgroundMartínez‐Alés, G., Hernández‐Calle, D., Khauli, N., & Keyes, K. M. (2020) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2020_158 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“…approaches (Kessler et al. 2019), can be enhanced by partnering with broader conceptual models to include multiple levels of organization and capture the social, economic, and political settings where suicide, as a complex process, unfolds across the life course (Martínez-Alés and Keyes 2019).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPerceived consequences and worries among youth in Norway during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown
Lehmann, S., Skogen, J. C., Haug, E., Mæland, S., Fadnes, L. T., Sandal, G. M., Hysing, M., & Bjørknes, R. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494821993714 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Riehm, K. E., Mojtabai, R., Adams, L. B., Krueger, E. A., Mattingly, D. T., Nestadt, P. S., & Leventhal, A. M. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.32131 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Yue, H., Hao, X., Liu, X., & Bao, H. (2023) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102199 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Melcher, J., Lavoie, J., Hays, R., D’Mello, R., Rauseo-Ricupero, N., Camacho, E., Rodriguez-Villa, E., Wisniewski, H., Lagan, S., Vaidyam, A. N., et al. (2021) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2021.1905650 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“increase in mental health problems among adolescents has actually been trending upward since 2012.(2) Now, during the”
BackgroundDecline of depressive symptoms in Europe: differential trends across the lifespan
Beller, J., Regidor, E., Lostao, L., Miething, A., Kröger, C. B., Safieddine, B., Tetzlaff, F., Sperlich, S., & Geyer, S. (2020) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-020-01979-6 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Gagné, T., Schoon, I., McMunn, A., & Sacker, A. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-021-02194-7 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Armitage, J. M., Collishaw, S., & Sellers, R. (2024) · Discover Social Science and Health · doi:10.1007/s44155-024-00076-2 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Woodward, M. J., McGettrick, C. R., Dick, O. G., Ali, M., & Teeters, J. B. (2025) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-024-00474-y · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“From 2012 to 2018, depressive symptoms steadily increased in U.S. adolescents (Keyes et al., 2019), and from 2005 to 2014 the 12-month prevalence of major depressive episodes increased by 2.6% in adolescents and 0.8% in young adults (Mojtabai et al., 2016).”
InfluentialSocial connection as a key target for youth mental health
Birrell, L., Werner‐Seidler, A., Davidson, L., Andrews, J. L., & Slade, T. N. (2025) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2025.200395 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Lifetime prevalence and treatment of mental disorders in Saudi youth and adolescents
Altwaijri, Y. A., Kazdin, A. E., Al‐Subaie, A., Alhabeeb, A. A., Hyder, S., Bilal, L., Naseem, M. T., & Devol, E. B. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-33005-5 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Myhr, A., Anthun, K. S., Lillefjell, M., & Sund, E. R. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01472 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Gimbrone, C., Bates, L. M., Prins, S. J., & Keyes, K. M. (2021) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2021.100043 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationKeyes, K. M., Hamilton, A. D., Patrick, M. E., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2019) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.08.026 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationNature-based interventions for vulnerable youth: a scoping review
Overbey, T. A., Diekmann, F., & Lekies, K. S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Health Research · doi:10.1080/09603123.2021.1998390 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“…about high levels of adolescents and young adults struggling with mental health problems, adjustment difficulties, problem behavior, disengagement, or disaffection (e.g. Olfson et al. 2015; Coley et al. 2018; Keyes et al. 2019; Murray et al. 2019; Mojtabai and Olfson 2020; Cybulski et al. 2021).”
BackgroundCurran, T., Ito‐Jaeger, S., Vallejos, E. P., & Crawford, P. (2023) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2023.2182412 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“In the United States, cohort studies of young people between 1976 and 2017 show marked increases in loneliness after 2011 (Twenge et al., 2019), anxiety (Duffy et al., 2019), depressed mood (Keyes et al., 2019), self-harm (Mercado et al., 2017), and suicidal ideation (J. M. Twenge et al., 2019).”
BackgroundGlobal Well-Being and Mental Health in the Internet Age
Vuorre, M., & Przybylski, A. K. (2023) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026231207791 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“These results align with other results that tend to be mixed or find few changes over time (Bor et al., 2014; Collishaw, 2015; Cosma et al., 2020; Keyes et al., 2019).”
McAllister, C., Hisler, G. C., Blake, A. B., Twenge, J. M., Farley, E., & Hamilton, J. L. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-021-00832-x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Associations between screen time and internalizing disorder diagnoses among 9- to 10-year-olds
Roberston, L., Twenge, J. M., Joiner, T. E., & Cummins, K. M. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.071 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Beller, J. (2022) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-022-00732-z · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Barker, K. M., Dunn, E. C., Richmond, T. K., Ahmed, S., Hawrilenko, M. J., & Evans, C. R. (2020) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100661 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Assessing adult ADHD: New research and perspectives
Lovett, B. J., & Harrison, A. G. (2021) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2021.1950640 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Martínez‐Alés, G., & Keyes, K. M. (2019) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1080-6 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationSubstance Use, Suicidal Thoughts, and Psychiatric Comorbidities Among High School Students
Tervo‐Clemmens, B., Gilman, J. M., Evins, A. E., Bentley, K. H., Nock, M. K., Smoller, J. W., & Schuster, R. M. (2024) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.6263 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Lifestyle habits and depressive symptoms in Norwegian adolescents: a national cross-sectional study
Kleppang, A. L., Haugland, S. H., Bakken, A., & Stea, T. H. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10846-1 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Fleming, T. M., Ball, J., Bavin, L. M., Rodriguez, C. R., Peiris-John, R. J., Crengle, S. M., Sutcliffe, K., Lewycka, S. O., Archer, D. J., & Clark, T. C. (2022) · Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand · doi:10.1080/03036758.2022.2072349 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Opie, J. E., Vuong, A. T., Welsh, E. T., Gray, R. J., Pearce, N., Marchionda, S., Mutch, R., & Khalil, H. (2024) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-024-00469-4 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
MicroRNA regulation of prefrontal cortex development and psychiatric risk in adolescence
Morgunova, A., & Flores, C. (2021) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.04.011 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Structural sexism and Women's alcohol use in the United States, 1988–2016
McKetta, S. C., Prins, S. J., Hasin, D. S., Patrick, M. E., & Keyes, K. M. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114976 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationFoundational Nutrition: Implications for Human Health
Townsend, J. R., Kirby, T. O., Marshall, T. M., Church, D. D., Jajtner, A. R., & Esposito, R. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15132837 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Garcia-Carachure, I., Flores‐Ramirez, F. J., Castillo, S. A., Themann, A., Arenivar, M. A., Preciado-Piña, J., Zavala, A. R., Lobo, M. K., & Iñiguez, S. D. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-020-0654-7 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Ren, P., Liu, B., Xiong, X., Chen, J., & Luo, F. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.048 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Kulikov, V. N., Crosthwaite, P. C., Hall, S. A., Flannery, J., Strauss, G., Vierra, E., Koepsell, X., Lake, J. I., & Padmanabhan, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2023.1062471 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Depression, a highly prevalent mental health disorder among adolescents, is a growing crisis within the US (1, 2).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialOlfati, M., Samea, F., Faghihroohi, S., Balajoo, S. M., Küppers, V., Genon, S., Patil, K. R., Eickhoff, S. B., & Tahmasian, M. (2024) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105313 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Soft Drink Consumption and Mental Health in Adolescents: A Longitudinal Examination
Mrug, S., Jones, L. C., Elliott, M. N., Tortolero, S. R., Peskin, M. F., & Schuster, M. A. (2020) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.05.034 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Malta, D. C., da Silva, A. G., Prates, E. J. S., Alves, F. T. A., Cristo, E. B., & Machado, Í. E. (2020) · Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia · doi:10.1590/1980-549720210022.supl.1 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Freund, V. A., Schulenberg, J. E., & Maslowsky, J. (2021) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-020-01198-0 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Implications for prevention are especially relevant now as recent studies using the MTF dataset have found both boredom and DA to be increasing in adolescents over the past decade (Weybright et al. 2020; Keyes et al. 2019).”
BackgroundSelf-citationIs adolescent internet use a risk factor for the development of depression symptoms or vice-versa?
Fitzpatrick, C., Lemieux, A., Smith, J., West, G. L., Bohbot, V. D., & Asbridge, M. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291723000284 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Over the span of the last decade, depression and suicide rates have climbed significantly among youth, particularly for girls (Hedegaard, Curtin, & Warner, 2021; Keyes, Gary, O ’ Malley, Hamilton, & Schulenberg, 2019; Lin et al, 2016).”
BackgroundAWAKE BRUXISM PREVALENCE ACROSS POPULATIONS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
Stanisic, N., Saracutu, O. I., Colonna, A., Wu, W., Manfredini, D., & Häggman‐Henrikson, B. (2025) · Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jebdp.2025.102171 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Yosep, I., Hikmat, R., & Mardhiyah, A. (2023) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s406688 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
- Authors
- Keyes, K. M., Gary, D., O’Malley, P. M., Hamilton, A., & Schulenberg, J.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Mayor (CL)
- Columbia University (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Keyes, Katherine M.
- Venue
- Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
- Published
- 2019-03-30
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 987-996
- ISSN
- 0933-7954 (ISSN-L)
- 1433-9285
- PMC
- PMC7015269
- OpenAlex
- W2926589548
- Cited by
- 465
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 7
- FWCI
- 52.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01001411)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- depressive symptoms, adolescent mental health, age-period-cohort effects, sex differences, girls, boys, cohort effects, period effects, Latino youth, race and ethnicity, parental education, suicide, environmental risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Ethnicity, Female, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Risk Factors, Students, Suicide, United States
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
