Protective effect of salivary nitrate and microbial nitrate reductase activity against caries
Open accessAbstract
To test the hypothesis that a combination of high salivary nitrate and high nitrate-reducing capacity are protective against dental caries, 209 children attending the Dental Institute, Barts and The London NHS Trust were examined. Salivary nitrate and nitrite levels, counts of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp., and caries experience were recorded. Compared with control subjects, a significant reduction in caries experience was found in patients with high salivary nitrate and high nitrate-reducing ability. Production of nitrite from salivary nitrate by commensal nitrate-reducing bacteria may limit the growth of cariogenic bacteria as a result of the production of antimicrobial oxides of nitrogen, including nitric oxide.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway is affected by microbial diversity and oral pathology.
“Indeed, even the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway is affected by microbial diversity[190] and oral pathology[191–193].”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [191]
This may relate to the paradoxical association between nitrate-reducing oral bacteria and protection from dental caries.
“This may relate to the paradoxical association between nitrate-reducing oral bacteria and protection from dental caries[191,205,232,238,239].”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [191]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
NITRIC OXIDE AND MACROPHAGE FUNCTION
MacMicking, J. D., Xie, Q. W., & Nathan, C. (1997) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.15.1.323 · Cited by 4,184 · see citing works
Bacterial Diversity in Human Subgingival Plaque
Paster, B. J., Boches, S. K., Galvin, J. L., Ericson, R. E., Lau, C. N., Levanos, V. A., Sahasrabudhe, A., & Dewhirst, F. E. (2001) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.183.12.3770-3783.2001 · Cited by 2,008 · see citing works
Fang, F. C. (1997) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci119473 · Cited by 1,139 · see citing works
Blue babies and nitrate-contaminated well water
Knobeloch, L., Salna, B., Hogan, A., Postle, J., & Anderson, H. (2000) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.00108675 · Cited by 775 · see citing works
Duncan, C., Dougall, H., Johnston, P., Green, S., Brogan, R., Leifert, C., Smith, L., Golden, M., & Benjamin, N. (1995) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0695-546 · Cited by 734 · see citing works
Self-citationBenjamin, N., O'Driscoll, F., Dougall, H., Duncan, C., Smith, L., Golden, M., & McKenzie, H. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/368502a0 · Cited by 665 · see citing works
Self-citationRichardson, D. J. (2000) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/00221287-146-3-551 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Mechanisms of nitric oxide-related antimicrobial activity
Fang, F. C. (1997) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections
Haburchak, D. R. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.281.14.1342 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Antimicrobial effect of acidified nitrite on dermatophyte fungi candida and bacterial skin pathogens
Weller, R., Price, R. J., Ormerod, A. D., Benjamin, N., & Leifert, C. (2001) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01291.x · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationCritical pH in resting and stimulated whole saliva in groups of children and adults
Anderson, P., Hector, M. P., & Rampersad, M. A. (2001) · International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry · doi:10.1046/j.1365-263x.2001.00293.x · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationNitrate and nitrite in foods and the diet
Meah, M. N., Harrison, N., & Davies, A. (1994) · Food Additives and Contaminants · doi:10.1080/02652039409374250 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
National Diet and Nutrition Survey
Na, N. (1995) · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Nitrate-reducing bacteria on rat tongues
Li, H., Duncan, C., Townend, J., Killham, K., Smith, L. M., Johnston, P., Dykhuizen, R., Kelly, D., Golden, M., Benjamin, N., et al. (1997) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.63.3.924-930.1997 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationEstimation of dietary intake of nitrate and nitrate in Great Britain
Knight, T. M., Forman, D., Al-Dabbagh, S. A., & Doll, R. (1987) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/0278-6915(87)90123-2 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
(1975) · Food and Cosmetics Toxicology · doi:10.1016/0015-6264(75)90023-1 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Dougall, H., Smith, L., Duncan, C. W., & Benjamin, N. (1995) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1995.tb04479.x · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationAntimicrobial effect of acidified nitrite on cariogenic bacteria
Silva Mendez, L. S., Allaker, R. P., Hardie, J. M., & Benjamin, N. (1999) · Oral Microbiology and Immunology · doi:10.1034/j.1399-302x.1999.140612.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Association between Dental Caries and Certain Soil Conditions in New Zealand
Ludwig, T., Healy, W. B., & Losee, F. L. (1960) · Nature · doi:10.1038/186695a0 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
A SHORT DIET HISTORY FOR ASSESSING DIETARY EXPOSURE TO N-NITROSAMINES IN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES1
Howe, G. R., Harrison, L., & Jain, M. G. (1986) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114432 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Quantitative measurement of the nitrate reductase activity in the human oral cavity
Xu, J., Xia, X., & Verstraete, W. (2001) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/s0278-6915(00)00150-2 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Allaker, R. P., Langlois, T., & Hardie, J. M. (1994) · Veterinary Record · doi:10.1136/vr.134.20.519 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationThe fate of nitrates and nitrites in the organism.
Turek, B., Hlavsova, D., Tucek, J., Waldman, J. M., & Cerná, J. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Jenkins, G. N. (1967) · PubMed · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Johnson NW. Risk Markers for Oral Diseases, Vol. 1. Dental Caries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
- Richardson DJ. Bacterial respiration: a flexible process for a changing environment. Microbiology 2000; 146: 551-571.
- Maff UK: 1994 Total Diet Study -Nitrate and Nitrite, Vol. 137. London: Joint Food Safety and Standards Group, 1997.
- Maff UK: Survey of Nitrate and Nitrite in Bacon and Cured Meat Products, Vol. 142. London: Joint Food Safety and Standards Group, 1998.
- Maff UK: Nitrate in Vegetables, Vol. 158. London: Joint Food Safety and Standards Group, 1998.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Oral Microbiome Metabolism: From “Who Are They?” to “What Are They Doing?”
Takahashi, N. (2015) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/0022034515606045 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Role of Oral Microbiome Signatures in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Oral Cancer
Chattopadhyay, I., Verma, M., & Panda, M. (2019) · Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment · doi:10.1177/1533033819867354 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
“Nitrite that is produced by oral microbiome is further reduced to nitric oxide that prevents the growth of cariogenic bacteria.(14,30) Veillonella subspecies metabolizes lactate into weaker acids that reduce local pH, whereas Streptococcus subspecies and Actinomyces subspecies generate the alkali, ammonia, by cataboli…”
BackgroundEvaluation of bacterial nitrate reduction in the human oral cavity
Doel, J. J., Benjamin, N., Hector, M. P., Rogers, M., & Allaker, R. P. (2005) · European Journal of Oral Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0722.2004.00184.x · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Self-citationBondonno, C. P., Liu, A. H., Croft, K. D., Considine, M. J., Puddey, I. B., Woodman, R. J., & Hodgson, J. M. (2015) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpu192 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Koch, C. D., Gladwin, M. T., Freeman, B. A., Lundberg, J. O., Weitzberg, E., & Morris, A. (2017) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.015 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
The Importance of Nitrate Reduction for Oral Health
Rosier, B. T., Takahashi, N., Zaura, E., Krom, B. P., MartÍnez-Espinosa, R. M., van Breda, S. G. J., Marsh, P. D., & Mira, A. (2022) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/00220345221080982 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
From Nitrate to Nitric Oxide: The Role of Salivary Glands and Oral Bacteria
Qu, X. M., Wu, Z. F., Pang, B. X., Jin, L. Y., Qin, L. Z., & Wang, S. L. (2016) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/0022034516673019 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Koopman, J. E., Buijs, M. J., Brandt, B. W., Keijser, B. J. F., Crielaard, W., & Zaura, E. (2016) · Microbial Ecology · doi:10.1007/s00248-016-0775-z · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Total salivary nitrates and nitrites in oral health and periodontal disease
Sánchez, G. A., Miozza, V. A., Delgado, A., & Busch, L. (2014) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1016/j.niox.2013.10.012 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Feng, J., Liu, J., Jiang, M., Chen, Q., Zhang, Y., Yang, M., & Zhai, Y. (2023) · Caries Research · doi:10.1159/000529162 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
- Authors
- Doel, J. J., Hector, M. P., Amirtham, C. V., Al‐Anzan, L. A., Benjamin, N., & Allaker, R. P.
- Affiliations
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Allaker, R. P.
- ORCID
- Allaker, R. P.
- Venue
- European Journal Of Oral Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-09-29
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 424-428
- ISSN
- 0029-845X (ISSN-L)
- 0909-8836
- 1600-0722
- OpenAlex
- W2027842829
- Cited by
- 131
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- European Journal Of Oral Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Dental Health and Care Utilization
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Dental Research and COVID-19
- Keywords
- salivary nitrate, nitrate reductase activity, dental caries, caries protection, salivary nitrite, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus, nitric oxide, cariogenic bacteria, children
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anti-Infective Agents, Child, Child, Preschool, Dental Caries, DMF Index, Female, Food Analysis, Humans, Infant, Lactobacillus, Male, Nitrate Reductases, Nitrates, Nitric Oxide, Nitrites, Saliva, Streptococcus mutans, Colony Count, Microbial, Nitrate Reductase
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
