Nitrate and the origin of saliva influence composition and short chain fatty acid production of oral microcosms
Open accessAbstract
Nitrate is emerging as a possible health benefactor. Especially the microbial conversion of nitrate to nitrite in the oral cavity and the subsequent conversion to nitric oxide in the stomach are of interest in this regard. Yet, how nitrate influences the composition and biochemistry of the oral ecosystem is not fully understood. To investigate the effect of nitrate on oral ecology, we performed a 4-week experiment using the multiplaque artificial mouth (MAM) biofilm model. This model was inoculated with stimulated saliva of two healthy donors. Half of the microcosms (n = 4) received a constant supply of nitrate, while the other half functioned as control (n = 4). Additionally, all microcosms received a nitrate and sucrose pulse, each week, on separate days to measure nitrate reduction and acid formation. The bacterial composition of the microcosms was determined by 16S rDNA sequencing. The origin of the saliva (i.e., donor) showed to be the strongest determinant for the development of the microcosms. The supplementation of nitrate was related to a relatively high abundance of Neisseria in the microcosms of both donors, while Veillonella was highly abundant in the nitrate-supplemented microcosms of only one of the donors. The lactate concentration after sucrose addition was similarly high in all microcosms, irrespective of treatment or donor, while the concentration of butyrate was lower after nitrate addition in the nitrate-receiving microcosms. In conclusion, nitrate influences the composition and biochemistry of oral microcosms, although the result is strongly dependent on the inoculum.
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Using dietary nitrate supplementation as selective pressure, several studies found proliferation of Veillonella, Neisseria, and Rothia species.
“Using dietary nitrate supplementation as selective pressure for bacteria capable of nitrate reduction, several studies found proliferation of Veillonella (Koopman et al., 2016), Neisseria (Velmurugan et al., 2016), and Rothia species (Velmurugan et al., 2016), all previously identified as high nitrate reducers.”
From Do Changes in Oral Microbiota Correlate With Plasma Nitrite Response? A Systematic Review (2019) · cites this paper as Koopman et al., 2016
Using nitrate supplementation as selective pressure for bacteria capable of nitrate reduction, several studies found proliferation of Veillonella, Streptococcus, Neisseria, Haemophilus, and Rothia species, all previously identified as high nitrate reducers.
“Using nitrate supplementation as selective pressure for bacteria capable of nitrate reduction, several studies found proliferation of Veillonella[205], Streptococcus[204], Neisseria[115], Haemophilus[204], and Rothia species[115], all previously identified as high nitrate reducers.”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [205]
This may relate to the paradoxical association between nitrate-reducing oral bacteria and protection from dental caries.
“This may relate to the paradoxical association between nitrate-reducing oral bacteria and protection from dental caries[191,205,232,238,239].”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [205]
In settings of low pH and high nitrate and nitrite concentrations, selected bacteria and bacterial communities capable of nitrate reduction may preferentially survive or expand their population.
“In settings of low pH and high nitrate and nitrite concentrations, selected bacteria and bacterial communities capable of nitrate reduction may preferentially survive or expand their population[115,205].”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [205]
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Multispecies Oral Biofilm Models
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WITHDRAWN: Home sampling is a feasible method for oral microbiota analysis for infants and mothers
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Self-citationRetractedCai, Y., Wu, L., Brandt, B. W., Buijs, M. J., Wei, X., Liu, H., & Deng, D. (2025) · Journal of Oral Microbiology · doi:10.1080/20002297.2025.2565450
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Combined effects of nitrate and antimicrobial compounds on in vitro subgingival biofilms
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- Authors
- Koopman, J. E., Buijs, M. J., Brandt, B. W., Keijser, B. J. F., Crielaard, W., & Zaura, E.
- Affiliations
- Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (NL)
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Zaura, Egija
- Venue
- Microbial Ecology
- Published
- 2016-05-07
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 479-492
- ISSN
- 0095-3628 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-184X
- PMC
- PMC4937104
- OpenAlex
- W2347145403
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 7.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Microbial Ecology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- TNO Repository (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Dental Health and Care Utilization
- Keywords
- nitrate, oral microbiota, stimulated saliva, short-chain fatty acids, butyrate, nitrate reduction, nitrite, nitric oxide, Neisseria, Veillonella, dental plaque, sucrose challenge, lactate, donor influence, oral ecology
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Bacteria, Butyrates, Fatty Acids, Volatile, Female, Genes, Bacterial, Humans, Male, Neisseria, Nitrates, Nitrites, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Saliva, Sucrose, Veillonella, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Biomass, Genomics, Young Adult
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