Technologizing Bronfenbrenner: Neo-ecological Theory.

May combine two claims.

Bronfenbrenner's theory was fully developed by the turn of the century and did not take account of development in the digital age.

“Bronfenbrenner’s theory, being fully developed by the turn of the century (Rosa & Tudge, 2013), did not consider the impact of developing in the digital age.”

• cites Rosa & Tudge, 2013 sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The transformation framework identifies key features and affordances of social media platforms that alter peer interactions and relationships in adolescence.

“Their “transformation framework” identifies key features and affordances of social media platforms that alter peer interactions and relationships in adolescence.”

• cites Nesi et al., 2018a sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Researchers should look beyond screen time to how and why digital interactions and activities affect identity development.

“They proposed moving beyond how much time is spent online (i.e., screen time) to look at how and why digital interactions and activities impact identity development.”

• cites Granic et al., 2020 sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Focusing on identity-formation processes can help identify digital experiences that contribute to healthy normative development and to serious mental health concerns.

“Granic et al. proposed that by focusing on identity-formation processes, researchers “…can help pinpoint the digital experiences that will contribute to both healthy normative development as well as the emergence of serious mental health concerns” (p. 196).”

• cites Granic et al., 2020 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

In virtual microsystems, group interactions are not limited to a geographical location and individuals can communicate with a much wider audience.

“In virtual microsystems, group interactions are not limited to a geographical location and individuals can communicate and interact with a much wider audience (Nesi et al., 2018a).”

• cites Nesi et al., 2018a sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The social media context transforms adolescents' peer experiences.

“Nesi et al. (2018a, 2018b) challenged preconceptions that online interactions mirror offline ones and proposed that “the social media context transforms adolescents’ peer experiences” (Nesi et al., 2018a, p. 268).”

• cites Nesi et al., 2018a sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Identity is a cue in interpersonal interactions, ranging from interactions with known persons to source anonymity.

“In addition to audiovisual clues, identity is also a cue in interpersonal interactions (Nesi et al., 2018a), ranging from interactions with known persons, to source anonymity (i.e., personal identity is totally obscured; Valkenburg & Peter, 2011).”

• cites Nesi et al., 2018a sourceSupported
• cites Valkenburg & Peter, 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Recent research suggests that the digital divide may not be as relevant to adolescents as to other populations, as access to smartphones is high across class groups.

“Recent research suggests that the digital divide may not be as relevant to adolescents as to other populations (e.g., older adults), as access to smartphones is high across class groups (George et al., 2020).”

• cites George et al., 2020 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion (page not provided) says traditional gaps in access to the Internet and mobile phones have narrowed or disappeared among US adolescents, and the Results report similar mobile-phone ownership across economic groups. The paper does not compare adolescents with older adults or other populations, and it cautions that inequalities in online experiences may be emerging. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In virtual microsystems, content can be copied exactly as it was originally expressed, a feature termed replicability.

“In virtual microsystems, content (text, images, video, or audio) can be copied exactly as it was originally expressed. Termed replicability (boyd, 2008), this feature presents a striking contrast to physical microsystems, given that content (including photos and videos) can be shared verbatim instantly across wide distances (Nesi et al., 2018a).”

• cites boyd, 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Nesi et al., 2018a sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Youth are often experts in information technology, which can upend traditional hierarchies in homes and schools, providing opportunities for parents and teachers to learn from adolescents and support their development as agentic and capable individuals.

“Youth are often the experts when it comes to information technology, and this can upend traditional hierarchies in homes and schools—providing opportunities for parents and teachers to learn from adolescents and further support their development as agentic and capable individuals (Barron et al., 2009; Bond, 2014; Nesi et al., 2018a).”

• cites Barron et al., 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Bond, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Nesi et al., 2018a sourceCould not verify

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Granic and colleagues argued that research should examine how digital media function relates to mental health rather than simple frequency counts.

“Instead of simple frequency counts on different devices and application, what we need to examine is how the function of digital media relates to mental health”

• cites Granic et al. (2020) sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The internet is cultural because it is shared, norms develop within it, and those norms are passed to new users even as new users and innovation create new norms.

“The internet is cultural because it is shared, norms are developed, and these norms are transmitted to new generations of users, even as the new users, greater access, and technological innovation create new norms”

• cites Greenfield and Yan (2006) sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Neo-ecological theory offers a novel conceptual lens for studying development in the digital age.

“Building upon bioecological theory, this paper proposes an innovative conceptual lens for understanding development in the digital age: neo-ecological theory.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

There are two kinds of microsystems: physical and virtual.

“We delineate a key alteration to the microsystem, namely the existence of two types of microsystems—physical and virtual.”

• Also stated in: § Context · plain

  “There exist two types of microsystems: virtual and physical.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Technology's influence on human development arguably extends across the whole life course.

“Further, although the focus of this paper is primarily on youth, the influence of technology on human development arguably spans the life course.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Digital contexts affect the outcomes that developmental scholars study.

“we believe that all scholars of development, regardless of their specific research interests, should consider the ways digital contexts influence their outcomes of interest.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The microsystem changes cascade through the Process-Person-Context-Time model, so proximal processes, person characteristics, context, and time all need reexamination.

“The implications of these modifications cascade across the Process-Person-Context-Time (PPCT) model; proximal processes, person characteristics, context, and time are all reexamined.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Macrosystemic influences, including culture and subcultural variation within a society, matter for understanding development in the digital age.

“In addition, we emphasize the importance of macrosystemic influences (i.e., the influences of culture and within-society subcultural variation) in understanding development in the digital age.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Bioecological theory, having been developed in the twentieth century, needs substantial revision to address the technological and virtual settings in which adolescents learn, play, and grow.

“As bioecological theory was developed in the 20th century, it requires significant modifications to reflect some of the most ubiquitous contexts in which adolescents learn, play, and grow—the technological and virtual ones.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Neo-ecological theory keeps the core tenets of bioecological theory while proposing key changes for a technologized world.

“In developing neo-ecological theory, we hold true to the tenets of bioecological theory, but suggest key modifications to reflect our technologized world.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Clear definitions of digital-age terms and constructs are needed to advance scholarship in this area.

“clearly defining these terms and constructs is necessary to advance scholarship in this area of research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Today's young people are growing up in a cultural and historical period that is unprecedented and changing rapidly.

“This point is relevant to our adaptation of bioecological theory because of the unprecedented (and rapidly evolving) cultural and historical era in which today’s young people are developing.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Other scholars have tried to explain the complexity digital technology adds to the microsystem, noting that many youth interactions are not face-to-face.

“Other scholars (e.g., Johnson & Puplampu, 2008; Plowman, 2016; Wang et al., 2010) have chafed at this limitation and attempted to find ways to explain the complexity digital technology adds to the microsystem—namely that many of the interactions and activities in which youth currently engage are not occurring face-to-face.”

• cites Johnson & Puplampu, 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Plowman, 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Wang et al., 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Virtual contexts are cultural spaces where norms are created, shared, and passed on, and online culture is a cyclical dynamic entity.

“these scholars described virtual contexts as “cultural spaces, where norms are created, shared and passed on to other users. Online culture is not static, but is a cyclical dynamic entity, and users are constantly generating and passing on new norms” (Subrahmanyam & Smahel, 2010, p. 34).”

• cites Subrahmanyam & Smahel, 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Proximal processes are the engines of development.

“In the third phase, bioecological theory added a fundamental concept—proximal processes—termed “the engines of development” (Bronfenbrenner & Evans, 2000, p. 118)”

• cites Bronfenbrenner & Evans, 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Plowman argued that concepts of context influenced by Bronfenbrenner imply boundaries that may no longer exist.

“Plowman (2016) discussed the ways in which technological interactions can reach beyond the microsystem and argued that the “concepts of context influenced by Bronfenbrenner imply boundaries that may no longer exist” (p. 194).”

• cites Plowman, 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Prior expressions of attitudes and opinions on social media still exist even if the individual's attitudes and opinions change over time.

“As such, though an individual’s “…attitudes and opinions may change over time, prior expressions of these attitudes and opinions that are expressed over social media still exist” (McFarland & Ployhart, 2015, p. 1659).”

• cites McFarland & Ployhart, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Availability is central to the lives of young people in the digital age.

“The relevance of availability to child development cannot be understated; it is central to the lives of young people in the digital age.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

If cultural and historical influences on development are not acknowledged and incorporated, developmental science will again become the science of children in strange situations.

“We argue that without acknowledgement and incorporation of these influences on development, developmental science will again become “the science of children in strange situations.””

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Subrahmanyam and Šmahel's co-construction model treats adolescents as agentic co-creators of their own virtual environments.

“Subrahmanyam and Šmahel proposed the co-construction model of adolescents’ online behavior. This model centers on adolescents as the agentic co-creators of their own virtual environments.”

• cites Subrahmanyam & Smahel, 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Person and context have a mutually reinforcing, multiplicative, indirect effect on the power of proximal processes as engines of development.

“Bronfenbrenner and Morris (2006) elaborated on the synergistic and dynamic nature of the theory: “The combination of Person and Context exhibit a mutually reinforcing, multiplicative, indirect effect on the power of proximal processes as the engines of development” (p. 801).”

• cites Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Permanence plays out differently depending on the digital platform and presents both opportunities and risks to development.

“Permanence plays out differently depending on the digital platform and presents both opportunities and risks to development.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Johnson and Puplampu proposed a techno-subsystem within the microsystem that includes child interaction with communication, information, and recreation technologies in immediate or direct environments.

“They proposed the “techno-subsystem, a dimension of the microsystem,” which includes “child interaction[s] with both living and nonliving elements of communication, information, and recreation technologies in immediate or direct environments” (p. 5).”

• cites Johnson & Puplampu, 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Comments on social media platforms, websites, and blogs can remain indefinitely, and some cannot be removed by the individual.

“Comments on social media platforms, websites, and blogs can remain indefinitely, and although some can be removed by the individual, others cannot, depending on who posted them and the affordances of the platform.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Regardless of the synchronicity of the initial interaction or activity, its content can be accessed for an indefinite period.

“Regardless of the synchronicity of the initial interaction or activity, their content can be accessed for an indefinite period of time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

How individuals imagine their audience affects their self-presentation in virtual microsystems.

“As a result, how individuals imagine their ‘audience’ impacts their self-presentation (i.e., demand characteristics) in virtual microsystems.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Context is a very important part of Bronfenbrenner's model, especially for exploring how spatial and temporal freedoms of the digital era affect development.

“Our concern with this portrayal (see Tudge, 2008; Tudge et al., 2009, 2016) should not be treated as signifying that context was not an important part of his model. It is a very important part, especially in exploring how the spatial and temporal freedoms of the digital era impact development.”

• cites Tudge, 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Tudge et al., 2009, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Bronfenbrenner's theory must be fundamentally altered to incorporate modern activities, social roles, and interpersonal relations.

“In our view, virtual interactions and activities are occurring in contexts unforeseen by Bronfenbrenner—in bits of data travelling at the speed of light—and his theory must be fundamentally altered to incorporate modern “…activities, social roles, and interpersonal relations” (Bronfenbrenner et al., 1996, p. 1645).”

• cites Bronfenbrenner et al., 1996Not checked — no full text of the source

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Virtual interactions and activities occur in bits of data travelling at the speed of light.

May combine two claims.

In networked publics, individuals interact with an invisible audience and cannot know with certainty who or when others will read, view, or share their content.

“In networked publics (e.g., social media platforms like Twitter), individuals are interacting with an invisible audience (boyd, 2008); individuals cannot know with certainty who or when others will read, view, or share the content they posted.”

• cites boyd, 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Even platforms that avoid permanency face the problem of screenshots; content can be recorded and reshared.

“Even platforms eschewing permanency face the conundrum of screenshots; content can be recorded and reshared, sometimes to the detriment of the original poster.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Given the breadth and pace of technological innovation and youth-led cultural innovation in digital spaces, scholars must be flexible and dynamic in describing virtual microsystems.

“Given the breadth and pace of technological innovation (not to mention the corresponding youth-led cultural innovation in digital spaces), scholars must be flexible and dynamic in their approach to describing virtual microsystems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

It is crucial to distinguish virtual and physical microsystems because each has unique features that differentially affect the synergistic interrelation of proximal processes, person characteristics, and time.

“we believe it is crucial to make a distinction between these two types of microsystems because virtual and physical microsystems each have unique “physical, social, and symbolic features” that differentially impact the synergistic interrelation of proximal processes, person characteristics, and time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

A cohesive theoretical framework is necessary for high-quality, strengths-based research designs that can incorporate technology across fields.

“We contend that a cohesive theoretical framework is essential to the development of high-quality and strengths-based research designs, where technology can be incorporated regardless of the specific field of inquiry.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The features of virtual microsystems should be viewed on a continuum in terms of their applicability and degree of pertinence.

“we propose that these features be viewed on a continuum, both in terms of their applicability and degree of pertinence to the microsystem in question.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Bronfenbrenner defined microsystems as physical locations where face-to-face proximal processes took place.

“In other words, microsystems were considered to be physical locations where “face-to-face” proximal processes took place (e.g., home, school, or work).”

• cites Bronfenbrenner et al., 1996Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Plowman suggested contexts may be more relational than spatial but did not specify how this relates to the rest of the model or how to operationalize it.

“Instead, building on Dourish (2004) and Heritage and Clayman (2011), Plowman suggested that contexts may be more relational than spatial, but did not specify further how such a concept might relate to the rest of the model or be operationalized.”

• cites Plowman, 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Dourish, 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Heritage and Clayman, 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Neo-ecological theory starts with context because microsystem changes have cascading effects on the other PPCT elements.

“Although we view proximal processes as constituting the “engines of development” (Bronfenbrenner & Evans, 2000, p. 118), our discussion of neo-ecological theory begins with context to accommodate profound alterations related to the microsystem, which have cascading impacts throughout the other elements of the model.”

• cites Bronfenbrenner & Evans, 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Neither Johnson and Puplampu's nor Plowman's solutions adequately answer where virtual interactions and activities occur.

“Neither the solutions proposed by Johnson and Puplampu (2008) nor Plowman (2016) adequately answer this question.”

• cites Johnson & Puplampu, 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Plowman, 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Iran maintains stringent controls over internet usage, prohibiting access to non-Islamic content.

“Iran, where all telecommunications are centralized by state-run agencies, maintains stringent controls over internet usage, prohibiting access to non-Islamic content (Iran, 2020).”

• cites Iran, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Only by incorporating the dynamic influences of the macrosystem can research stay relevant to parents, educators, practitioners, and industry.

“Only through incorporating the dynamic influences of the macrosystem can our research stay relevant to parents, educators, practitioners, and industry.”

May combine two claims.

At the macrosystem level, the digital divide reflects class inequalities and disparities between urban and rural areas in the United States.

“At the macrosystem level, this digital divide reflects class inequalities and disparities between urban and rural areas in the United States.”

May combine two claims.

Today's adolescents do not have a fresh slate when they change locations, schools, or workplaces because virtual microsystems are not bound by geography or time, making their digital past omnipresent.

“Today’s adolescents do not have the luxury of a ‘fresh slate’ when they change locations, schools, or workplaces; as virtual microsystems are not bound by geography or time, their digital past is omnipresent.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Context collapse occurs when multiple audiences converge on a single digital platform.

“Marwick and boyd (2011) described the phenomenon of context collapse, whereby multiple audiences (as imagined by the developing individual) converge on a single digital platform.”

• cites Marwick & boyd, 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The exosystem in neo-ecological theory remains largely unchanged from Bronfenbrenner's conceptualization.

“Similar to the mesosystem, the exosystem in neo-ecological theory remains largely unchanged from Bronfenbrenner’s conceptualization.”

May combine two claims.

Bronfenbrenner's later writings favor the view that the macrosystem blueprint reinforces the status quo, and the macrosystem is almost entirely absent in publications about bioecological theory and the PPCT model.

“His later writings favor the latter, and in publications about bioecological theory and the PPCT model, the macrosystem is almost entirely absent.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tudge's definition of culture does not specify the type of group; it can refer to an entire society or any group within it that fits the definition.

“This definition does not specify the type of group—it can refer to an entire society or to any group within that society that fits the definition.”

• cites Tudge, 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

This view of culture does not permit a single way to measure competence or dysfunction; these can only be related to the cultural group's values and practices.

“Obviously, this view of culture does not permit a single way in which to measure either competence or dysfunction, which can only be related to the cultural group’s values and practices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Bronfenbrenner's conceptualization of the mesosystem needs no adaptation for neo-ecological theory.

“we contend that Bronfenbrenner’s conceptualization of the mesosystem needs no adaptation to fit into neo-ecological theory.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Force characteristics are active behavioral dispositions that promote or impede proximal processes.

“Force characteristics are “active behavioral dispositions” (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006, p. 810) that promote or impede proximal processes.”

• cites Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Macro-level hazards may limit digital participation, but from the perspective of the culture itself, censorship may be viewed as a different formulation of cyberspace rather than a hazard.

“Such macro-level “hazards” (Bronfenbrenner, 1989, p. 228) may limit digital participation, but when viewed from the perspective of the culture itself, censorship may be viewed as a different formulation of cyberspace (Jiang, 2012) rather than a hazard.”

• cites Jiang, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The exosystem is an especially important level of context for developmental and social scientists to consider.

“This is an especially important level of context for developmental and social scientists to consider—our power to promote positive youth outcomes must now expand beyond our partnerships with parents, educators, and other practitioners to include developers of digital platforms.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Bronfenbrenner and Morris reformulated developmentally relevant person characteristics into three categories: force, resource, and demand.

“Bronfenbrenner and Morris (1998, 2006) reformulated developmentally relevant person characteristics into three categories: force, resource, and demand.”

• cites Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In neo-ecological theory, these constructs remain largely unchanged but can be applied in new ways.

“In our adaptation of bioecological theory to neo-ecological theory, these constructs remain largely unchanged but can be applied in new ways.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Person characteristics are both an indirect producer and a product of development in the spiral of development.

“Person characteristics are both “an indirect producer and…a product of development” in the spiral of development (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006, p. 798).”

• cites Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Person characteristics feature twice in bioecological theory: as forces impacting proximal processes and as a developmental outcome.

“Person characteristics feature twice in bioecological theory, initially as one of the forces impacting proximal processes and again as a developmental outcome.”

• cites Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Smartphone ownership in emerging economies has skyrocketed in recent years, with youth being the most rapid adopters.

“Smartphone ownership in emerging economies has skyrocketed in recent years, with youth being the most rapid adopters (Taylor & Silver, 2019).”

• cites Taylor & Silver, 2019Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

This censorship impacts the features of virtual microsystems in China and indirectly influences proximal processes.

“This censorship impacts the features of the virtual microsystems in China (e.g., anonymity is low), and as such, indirectly influences proximal processes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Without distinguishing virtual and physical microsystems, mesosystem-level analyses will be ineffectual and obscure the bidirectional and interrelated nature of these microsystems.

“Without distinction between virtual and physical microsystems, mesosystem level analyses will be ineffectual and obscure the bidirectional and interrelated nature of these microsystems.”

May combine two claims.

These studies demonstrate complex interrelations between virtual and physical microsystems and the importance of this system of systems to a neo-ecological approach.

“These studies did not measure proximal processes in both microsystems (as a true mesosystemic study would); nonetheless, they demonstrate complex interrelations between virtual and physical microsystems, and how important this system of systems is to a neo-ecological approach.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Force characteristics can be broken down into developmentally generative and developmentally disruptive characteristics.

“As such, force characteristics can be broken down further into developmentally generative (e.g., curiosity, agency, ability to delay gratification) and developmentally disruptive (e.g., impulsiveness, distractibility, inability to delay gratification) characteristics.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Virtual microsystems likely carry an opportunity cost, such that youth may miss physical-microsystem proximal processes, such as learning a sport, by participating in e-sports.

“Virtual microsystems likely have an opportunity cost; youth may be missing out on proximal processes (e.g., learning a new sport) that occur in physical microsystems by engaging in e-sports.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Mesotime is the only PPCT sub-element that Bronfenbrenner and Morris explicitly included in their definition of proximal processes.

“mesotime is the only sub-element of the PPCT model to be explicitly described within the definition of proximal processes”

• cites Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Although Bronfenbrenner wrote about historical time in the first two phases, only during the third phase was time formally added to his Process-Person-Context-Time model.

“Although Bronfenbrenner had written about the importance of historical time in the first two phases of the theory, only during the third phase was time formally added to his Process-Person-Context-Time model.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

In our model, developing individuals can be in more than one microsystem at a time.

“Further, in our model, we propose that developing individuals can be in more than one microsystem at a time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The impact of digital interruptions, termed technoference, has been studied in both spousal and parent-child interactions.

“The impact of some of these digital interruptions, also termed technoference, has been studied in both spousal and parent–child interactions.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Demand characteristics describe phenotypic or observable features that invite or discourage reactions from the environment.

“Demand characteristics describe more phenotypic or observable features that “invite or discourage reactions” (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006, p. 812) from the environment (e.g., gender, skin color, age, attractiveness, shyness, and happiness).”

• cites Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

For proximal processes to be effective, the interaction must happen fairly regularly over long periods.

“To be effective, the interaction must occur on a fairly regular basis over extended periods of time”

• cites Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Bronfenbrenner described three types of time that impact development: micro-, meso-, and macrotime.

“He described three types of time that impact development: micro-, meso-, and macrotime (termed the “chronosystem” during the second phase).”

• cites Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Microtime is defined as continuity versus discontinuity in ongoing episodes of proximal process and refers to what is happening within a proximal process.

“Microtime is defined as “continuity versus discontinuity in ongoing episodes of proximal process” (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006, p. 796), and refers to what is happening within a proximal process.”

• cites Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In virtual microsystems, developing individuals have tools, time, and space to regulate their online demand characteristics and may have greater control over how they are perceived than in physical microsystems.

“In virtual microsystems, developing individuals have tools (e.g., visualness, anonymity), time (e.g., asychnronicity), and space (e.g., availability) to regulate their online demand characteristics and, as a result, may have a greater degree of control in how they are perceived than in physical microsystems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Digital technology facilitates media multitasking, defined as the use of more than one digital device or platform simultaneously.

“As discussed previously, digital technology facilitates media multitasking, defined as the use of more than one digital device or platform simultaneously.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Digital social performances are based on an individual's imagined audience.

“Marwick and boyd (2011) posited that digital social performances are based on an individual’s “imagined audience” (p. 115).”

• cites Marwick & boyd, 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

When framed from this perspective, microtime becomes an incredibly important component of neo-ecological theory.

“When framed from this perspective, microtime becomes an incredibly important component of neo-ecological theory.”

May combine two claims.

Although virtual microsystems allow for more curation of demand characteristics, these presentations can be limited by mesosystemic forces, as friends, family, and colleagues can be audience members in both virtual and physical microsystems.

“Although virtual microsystems allow for more curation of demand characteristics, these presentations can be limited by mesosystemic forces, as friends, family, and colleagues can be audience members in both virtual and physical microsystems (boyd, 2008).”

• cites boyd, 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The visualness of some digital platforms may encourage more visual representations of self, as opposed to more narrative, text-based contexts.

“The visualness of some digital platforms (e.g., Instagram) may encourage more visual representations of self, as opposed to more narrative, text-based contexts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Digital platforms are designed to engage us; we receive messages and notifications for various events.

“Digital platforms are designed to engage us; we receive messages and notifications when we get an email, a ‘like’ on social media, an upcoming event on our calendar, and when the refrigerator door is left ajar.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Assets include skills, knowledge, and abilities that promote competence and buffer against disruption, whereas liabilities describe characteristics like illness, social impairments, and physical disabilities.

““Assets” include skills, knowledge, and abilities that promote competence and buffer against disruption, whereas “liabilities” describe characteristics like illness, social impairments, and physical disabilities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

boyd argued that the internet has enabled adolescents to reclaim control over youth culture.

“boyd (2008) argued that the internet has allowed adolescents to take back control of youth culture.”

• cites boyd (2008)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Screen time does not stand in for the pattern of online proximal processes and is too simple to explain developmental outcomes.

“Screen time is not a proxy for the pattern of proximal processes in which youth engage in online and is too simplistic to account for developmental outcomes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Although future generations of parents will have grown up with social and digital media, technological innovation will likely introduce new challenges for parents of the future.

“Although this may change as future generations of parents will have grown up with social and digital media, it is likely that technological innovation will introduce new challenges for parents of the future.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Bronfenbrenner argued that in ecological research the main effects are likely to be interactions.

“in ecological research, the principal main effects are likely to be interactions”

• cites Bronfenbrenner, 1979 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Fewer adolescents now engage in sexual risk-taking behaviors than did earlier generations.

“fewer adolescents are engaging in sexual risk-taking behaviors than previous generations (Twenge et al., 2017).”

• cites Twenge et al., 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Digital literacy is a resource characteristic, but the digital divide may impair its development, furthering disenfranchisement and isolation and reinforcing the digital vicious cycle.

“Digital literacy (i.e., the ability to find and evaluate online information) is also a resource characteristic, but the digital divide may impair the development of this skillset, furthering disenfranchisement and isolation, and thus reinforcing the “digital vicious cycle” (Bronfenbrenner & Evans, 2000, p. 2).”

• cites Bronfenbrenner & Evans, 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The distinctive features of virtual microsystems may encourage inverse proximal processes such as social comparison, which can lead to insecurity, anxiety, body image concerns, and disordered eating.

“the unique features of virtual microsystems may encourage inverse proximal processes, like social comparison, that can lead to feelings of insecurity and anxiety, body image concerns, and disordered eating (Holland & Tiggemann, 2016).”

• cites Holland & Tiggemann, 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Virtual microsystems are created and maintained by interactions and activities, some of which are proximal processes.

“virtual microsystems arise and are sustained by interactions and activities, some of which are proximal processes.”

May combine two claims.

Bronfenbrenner wrote about proximal processes as almost exclusively positive, while Merçon-Vargas and colleagues introduced the term inverse proximal processes.

“Bronfenbrenner almost exclusively wrote about proximal processes as being positive (i.e., leading to competence and buffering against disfunction), but Merçon-Vargas et al. (2020) delineated the term inverse proximal processes”

• cites Merçon-Vargas et al. (2020) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Without research that includes proximal processes in virtual microsystems, software developers will lack guidance on designing platforms to promote positive outcomes for adolescents and families.

“without research incorporating the influences of proximal processes in virtual microsystems, software developers will be in the dark about how best to design their platforms to promote positive outcomes for adolescents, and families.”

May combine two claims.

Prevailing cultural beliefs about beauty are internalized and can strengthen inverse proximal processes.

“Prevailing cultural beliefs about beauty (i.e., macrosystemic influence) are internalized, and can intensify inverse proximal process.”

May combine two claims.

Adults treat technology as separate from other play, whereas children treat technological tools as inherent parts of their worlds.

“Whereas adults view technology as being distinct from other play, children see technological tools as an inherent part of their worlds.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Not all interactions in virtual microsystems are proximal processes, because many digital activities are not reciprocal and do not become more complex over time.

“not all interactions taking place in virtual microsystems are proximal processes; digital platforms are simply another place in which we live, work, and play”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Bronfenbrenner did not conduct research using his own model and instead used other scholars' work to illustrate his ideas.

“Bronfenbrenner did not undertake research using his model and rather used the work of other scholars to illustrate his ideas.”

May combine two claims.

Positive outcomes from online proximal processes arise from an interrelation of person characteristics and the online environment, and such opportunities are not monolithic.

“Opportunities for such proximal processes are not monolithic, and positive outcomes are the results of an interrelation of person characteristics and the online environment.”

May combine two claims.

From micro-temporal and meso-temporal perspectives, the intensity, duration, and frequency of these inverse proximal processes can lead to poorer body image and increased disordered eating.

“From a micro-temporal and meso-temporal perspective, the intensity, duration, and frequency of these inverse proximal processes can lead to poorer body image and increased disordered eating (Holland & Tiggemann, 2016).”

• cites Holland & Tiggemann, 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The internet freed adolescents and decentralized publics, letting them participate more fully in co-constructing macrosystem elements.

“The advent of the internet freed adolescents and “decentralized publics” (p. 135), allowing them to participate more fully in co-constructing elements of the macrosystem.”

• cites boyd, 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The opening and closing of virtual microsystems is determined by the developing individual's interactions and activities; digital interactions and activities define whether a virtual microsystem exists.

“The opening and closing of virtual microsystems is defined by the interactions and activities in which the developing individual engages. More simply, digital interactions and activities define the existence of the virtual microsystem.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Mesosystemic links between virtual and physical microsystems may produce further harmful outcomes and raise concerns about jurisdictional responsibility.

“The mesosystemic links between the virtual and physical microsystems (e.g., school) may lead to further deleterious outcomes and also raises concerns related to jurisdictional responsibility.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Proximal processes can take three forms: symbolic, relational, and complex.

“Proximal processes can take three forms: symbolic, relational, and complex.”

May combine two claims.

Social connections with like-minded people on social media and online games can give adolescents socioemotional support and strengthen their mental health.

“By making social connections with like-minded persons on social media platforms and online games, adolescents can find socioemotional support and strengthen their mental health.”

May combine two claims.

The virtual proximal processes most relevant to child and adolescent development are complex ones, mostly occurring on Web 2.0 platforms.

“the most pertinent to child and adolescent development are complex proximal processes, mostly occurring on Web 2.0 platforms”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

All three forms of proximal processes occur regularly in physical microsystems.

“Obviously, all three forms take place regularly in physical microsystems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model needs substantial modification to reflect the virtual and technological contexts in which people currently communicate, learn, play, and work.

“Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model requires significant modifications to reflect the virtual and technological contexts in which we currently communicate, learn, play, and work.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Digital technology is pervasive enough that it influences nearly all phenomena of interest to developmental scholars.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Competence and dysfunction are culturally defined, and what counts as a successful developmental outcome differs across cultures and sub-cultures.

“competence and dysfunction are culturally defined constructs; what is deemed a successful developmental outcome varies by culture and sub-culture.”

May combine two claims.

The accessibility, asynchronicity, and visualness of social media platforms make comparisons easy, because adolescents can readily access millions of images, many carefully staged and edited to appear perfect.

“The accessibility, asychnronicity, and visualness of social media platforms (e.g., Instagram) are conducive to comparisons; adolescents can effortlessly access millions of images, many of which have been carefully staged and edited to look perfect”

May combine two claims.

Moral panic about technology may lead some parents to respond harshly or punitively to cyber victimization, and consequently some youth may be less likely to report being cyber victimized.

“The moral panic about technology (at the macrosystemic level) may influence some parents to respond harshly or punitively to cyber victimization, and consequently, some youth may be less likely to report being cyber victimized.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Neo-ecological theory keeps bioecological theory's core tenets while proposing key modifications for the changed world.

“we hold true to the tenets of bioecological theory, but suggest key modifications to reflect our changed world.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The microsystem is fundamentally modified by recognizing two forms: physical and virtual.

“We delineated a fundamental modification of the microsystem, namely the existence of two forms of microsystems—physical and virtual.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Today's youth do not constitute one coherent digital generation, because children's new digital contexts differ markedly from those of earlier cohorts.

“recent rapid transformations in digitalization suggest that today’s youth do not form a single coherent digital generation, with children’s ‘new’ digital contexts differing remarkably from those of children in previous cohorts”

• cites Bohnert and Gracia (2020)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Because social media is always available, bullying and victimization are no longer limited by time or space; bullies can reach victims at any hour, and formerly safe microsystems such as home no longer provide relief.

“The availability of social media means that bullying and victimization is no longer temporally or spatially bound; bullies can reach their victims at any time, day or night, and microsystems that were safe in previous generations (i.e., home) no longer offer respite.”

May combine two claims.

Social media platforms allow storytelling and sharing of narrative identity with peers, which can help develop self-esteem and social skills.

“Social media platforms provide opportunities for storytelling and sharing of narrative identity with peers, which can play an important role in developing self-esteem and developing social skills.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These shorter digital cohorts may affect development differently.

“These shorter cohorts may have differential effects on development”

May combine two claims.

Person characteristics, context, and time are interdependent and together shape the form, power, content, and direction of proximal processes, which in turn influence person, context, and time.

“Person characteristics, context, and time are interdependent; all three forces synergistically shape “…the form, power, content, and direction of the proximal process” (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006, p. 798), which in turn influence elements of the person, context, and time.”

• cites Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.