Ultrastructure of the tentacle nerve plexus and putative neural pathways in sea anemones
Abstract
Abstract. Neurons of sea anemone tentacles receive stimuli via sensory cells and process and transmit information via a plexus of nerve fibers. The nerve plexus is best revealed by scanning electron microscopy of epidermal peels of the tentacles. The nerve plexus lies above the epidermal muscular layer where it appears as numerous parallel longitudinal and short interconnected nerve fibers in Calliactis parasitica. Bipolar and multipolar neurons are present and neurites form interneuronal and neuromuscular synaptic contacts. Transmission electron microscopy of cross sections of tentacles of small animals, both C. parasitica and Aiptasia pallida, reveals bundles of 50–100 nerve fibers lying above groups of longitudinal muscle fibers separated by intrusions of mesoglea. Smaller groups of 10–50 slender nerve fibers are oriented at right angles to the circular muscle formed by the bases of the digestive cells. The unmyelinated nerve fibers lack any glial wrapping, although some bundles of epidermal fibers are partially enveloped by cytoplasmic extensions of the muscle cells; small gastrodermal nerve bundles lie between digestive epithelial cells above their basal myonemes. A hypothetical model for sensory input and motor output in the epidermal and gastrodermal nerve plexuses of sea anemones is proposed.
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Nerve net-like arrangements of neurons cover almost the entire ectoderm in cnidarians and ctenophores.
“Nerve net-like arrangements of neurons cover the almost entire ectoderm in cnidarians and ctenophores [61,129,130–136].”
From Gastric pouches and the mucociliary sole: setting the stage for nervous system evolution (2015) · cites this paper as [132]
The presence of a well-developed nerve net correlates with the presence of basiepithelial muscle fibres directly innervated by nerve net neurons in cnidarians and ctenophores.
“The presence of a well-developed nerve net correlates with the presence of basiepithelial muscle fibres directly innervated by nerve net neurons, in cnidarians and in ctenophores [61,67,128,132,133,135,136,138–142].”
From Gastric pouches and the mucociliary sole: setting the stage for nervous system evolution (2015) · cites this paper as [132]
Two types of ganglion cells are commonly observed in cerianthids, sea anemone, hydrozoans and ctenophores.
“In addition, two types of ganglion cells are commonly observed, in cerianthids [128], sea anemone [132], hydrozoans [148] and ctenophores [129,134].”
From Gastric pouches and the mucociliary sole: setting the stage for nervous system evolution (2015) · cites this paper as [132]
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- Authors
- Westfall, J. A., & Elliott, C. F.
- Affiliations
- Kansas State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Westfall, Jane A.
- Venue
- Invertebrate Biology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-09
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 202-211
- ISSN
- 1077-8306 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-7410
- OpenAlex
- W2053381467
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 0.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Invertebrate Biology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Echinoderm biology and ecology
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine Biology and Ecology Research
- Keywords
- sea anemone, Calliactis parasitica, Aiptasia pallida, nerve fiber ultrastructure, bipolar neurons, multipolar neurons, neuromuscular synapse, sensory input, motor output, mesoglea, myonemes, digestive cells, neural pathways
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