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Cited by 65Stress Responses and CortisolAdrenal Hormones and DisordersInflammatory Bowel Disease

Neurobiological Implications of Chronic Stress and Metabolic Dysregulation in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

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Sic, Aleksandar, Cvetkovic, Kiana, Manchanda, Eshanika, Knezevic, Nebojsa Nick·2024·Diseases
DOI 10.3390/diseases12090220PMC PMC11431196
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Abstract

Chronic stress is a significant factor affecting modern society, with profound implications for both physical and mental health. Central to the stress response is cortisol, a glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal glands. While cortisol release is adaptive in acute stress, prolonged exposure to elevated levels can result in adverse effects. This manuscript explores the neurobiological implications of chronic stress and its impact on metabolic dysregulation, particularly in the context of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis regulates cortisol production, which influences metabolism, immune response, and neurobiology. Elevated cortisol levels are associated with the development and exacerbation of metabolic disorders like IBD and contribute to neurodegenerative processes, including cognitive impairments and increased susceptibility to psychiatric conditions. The interaction between cortisol and its receptors, particularly glucocorticoid receptors, underscores the complexity of these effects. This review aims to elucidate the mechanisms through which chronic stress and cortisol dysregulation impact metabolic health and neurobiological function, providing insights into potential therapeutic strategies for mitigating these effects.

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  • Chronic stress may disrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, suppress immune function, and increase the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders.

    “Chronic stress may disrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, suppress immune function, and increase the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders,39”

    From Mortality Risk Following a Household Suicide (2025) · cites this paper as [39]

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Authors
Sic, A., Cvetkovic, K., Manchanda, E., & Knezevic, N. N.
Affiliations
  • Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60657, USA
  • Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center (US)
ORCID
Venue
Diseases
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2024-09-18
Volume
12
Issue
9
Pages
220
ISSN
2079-9721 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/diseases12090220
PMC
PMC11431196
OpenAlex
W4402599647
Cited by
65
References
131
Citations by year
2026: 25 · 2025: 40
FWCI
2.50
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Keywords
chronic stress, inflammatory bowel disease, cortisol, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, glucocorticoid receptor, metabolic dysfunction, neurodegeneration, cognitive impairment, psychiatric comorbidity, stress response

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