Brain connectivity and socioeconomic status at birth and externalizing symptoms at age 2 years
Open accessAbstract
Low childhood socioeconomic status (SES) predisposes individuals to altered trajectories of brain development and increased rates of mental illness. Brain connectivity at birth is associated with psychiatric outcomes. We sought to investigate whether SES at birth is associated with neonatal brain connectivity and if these differences account for socioeconomic disparities in infant symptoms at age 2 years that are predictive of psychopathology. Resting state functional MRI was performed on 75 full-term and 37 term-equivalent preterm newborns (n = 112). SES was characterized by insurance type, the Area Deprivation Index, and a composite score. Seed-based voxelwise linear regression related SES to whole-brain functional connectivity of five brain regions representing functional networks implicated in psychiatric illnesses and affected by socioeconomic disadvantage: striatum, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC), and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. Lower SES was associated with differences in striatum and vlPFC connectivity. Striatum connectivity with frontopolar and medial PFC mediated the relationship between SES and behavioral inhibition at age 2 measured by the Infant-Toddler Social Emotional Assessment (n = 46). Striatum-frontopolar connectivity mediated the relationship between SES and externalizing symptoms. These results, convergent across three SES metrics, suggest that neurodevelopmental trajectories linking SES and mental illness may begin as early as birth.
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Low socio-economic status is correlated with altered striatal and medial prefrontal connectivity at birth, which mediates the relationship between low socio-economic status and behavioral inhibition at 2 years of age.
“Low socio-economic status, which has been linked to maternal stress [120, 121], has also been correlated with altered striatal and medial prefrontal connectivity at birth, which mediates the relationship between low socio-economic status and behavioral inhibition at 2 years of age [122].”
From Brain structural and functional outcomes in the offspring of women experiencing psychological distress during pregnancy (2024) · cites this paper as [122]
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“Low socio-economic status, which has been linked to maternal stress [120, 121], has also been correlated with altered striatal and medial prefrontal connectivity at birth, which mediates the relationship between low socio-economic status and behavioral inhibition at 2 years of age [122].”
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- Authors
- Ramphal, B., Whalen, D. J., Kenley, J. K., Yu, Q., Smyser, C. D., Rogers, C. E., & Sylvester, C. M.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ramphal, Bruce
- ORCID
- Venue
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-10
- Volume
- 45
- Pages
- 100811
- ISSN
- 1878-9293 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7451824
- OpenAlex
- W3040425803
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 4.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons@Becker (Washington University School of Medicine) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Cerebral Palsy International Research Foundation
- Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
- National Institute of Mental Health
- March of Dimes Foundation
- Child Neurology Foundation
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- Dana Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- socioeconomic status, externalizing problems, behavioral inhibition, infant social-emotional development, striatum, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, preterm infants, neurodevelopmental trajectories, Area Deprivation Index
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Brain Mapping, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Social Class
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