Alterations in skeletal muscle indicators of mitochondrial structure and biogenesis in patients with type 2 diabetes and heart failure: effects of epicatechin rich cocoa
Open accessAbstract
(-)-Epicatechin (Epi), a flavanol in cacao stimulates mitochondrial volume and cristae density and protein markers of skeletal muscle (SkM) mitochondrial biogenesis in mice. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and heart failure (HF) are diseases associated with defects in SkM mitochondrial structure/function. A study was implemented to assess perturbations and to determine the effects of Epi-rich cocoa in SkM mitochondrial structure and mediators of biogenesis. Five patients with DM2 and stage II/III HF consumed dark chocolate and a beverage containing approximately 100 mg of Epi per day for 3 months. We assessed changes in protein and/or activity levels of oxidative phosphorylation proteins, porin, mitofilin, nNOS, nitric oxide, cGMP, SIRT1, PGC1α, Tfam, and mitochondria volume and cristae abundance by electron microscopy from SkM. Apparent major losses in normal mitochondria structure were observed before treatment. Epi-rich cocoa increased protein and/or activity of mediators of biogenesis and cristae abundance while not changing mitochondrial volume density. Epi-rich cocoa treatment improves SkM mitochondrial structure and in an orchestrated manner, increases molecular markers of mitochondrial biogenesis resulting in enhanced cristae density. Future controlled studies are warranted using Epi-rich cocoa (or pure Epi) to translate improved mitochondrial structure into enhanced cardiac and/or SkM muscle function.
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Epicatechin-rich cocoa stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis in patients with type 2 diabetes.
“Also, the administration of epicatechin-rich cocoa stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis in patients with T2DM234.”
From Mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunction in ageing and age-related diseases (2022) · cites this paper as [234]
In type 2 diabetic individuals, epicatechin-rich cocoa increases mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle, shown by increased SIRT1-PGC1α activation and increased abundance of mitochondrial complex I and V.
“The administration of a epicatechin-rich cocoa in type 2 diabetic individuals resulted in an increase in mitochondria biogenesis in skeletal muscle as demonstrated by an increased activation of the SIRT1-PGC 1α axis and an increase in the abundance of mitochondrial complex I and V (Taub et al., 2012).”
From Mitochondrial (Dys)function and Insulin Resistance: From Pathophysiological Molecular Mechanisms to the Impact of Diet (2019) · cites this paper as Taub et al., 2012
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- Authors
- Taub, P. R., Ramirez‐Sanchez, I., Ciaraldi, T. P., Perkins, G., Murphy, A. N., Naviaux, R., Hogan, M., Maisel, A. S., Henry, R. R., Ceballos, G., & Villarreal, F.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional (MX)
- Corresponding author
- Villarreal, Francisco
- ORCID
- Venue
- Clinical and Translational Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-11-07
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 43-47
- ISSN
- 1752-8054 (ISSN-L)
- 1752-8062
- PMC
- PMC5439909
- OpenAlex
- W2130767844
- Cited by
- 122
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Clinical and Translational Science (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (RR004050)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL43617, R01HL043617)
- National Center for Research Resources (P41RR004050, RR004050)
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (P60MD000220)
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R21AT004277, AT4277)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Keywords
- epicatechin, Theobroma cacao, type 2 diabetes, heart failure, skeletal muscle, mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial structure, PGC-1α, SIRT1, nitric oxide, oxidative phosphorylation, dark chocolate, flavan-3-ols
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Beverages, Biopsy, Cacao, California, Candy, Catechin, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Heart Failure, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Lipids, Middle Aged, Mitochondria, Muscle, Time Factors, Biomarkers, Treatment Outcome, Natriuretic Peptide, Brain, Mitochondrial Proteins, Quadriceps Muscle, Functional Food
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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