Cocoa and Cardiovascular Health

Corti, Roberto; Flammer, Andreas J.; Hollenberg, Norman K.; Lüscher, Thomas F.

doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.827022

Cited by 424Food Chemistry and Fat AnalysisPhytochemicals and Antioxidant ActivitiesNitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects

Cocoa and Cardiovascular Health

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Corti, Roberto, Flammer, Andreas J., Hollenberg, Norman K., Lüscher, Thomas F.·2009·Circulation

DOI 10.1161/circulationaha.108.827022

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Abstract

Epidemiological data demonstrate that regular dietary intake of plant-derived foods and beverages reduces the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. Among many ingredients, cocoa might be an important mediator. Indeed, recent research demonstrates a beneficial effect of cocoa on blood pressure, insulin resistance, and vascular and platelet function. Although still debated, a range of potential mechanisms through which cocoa might exert its benefits on cardiovascular health have been proposed, including activation of nitric oxide and antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects. This review summarizes the available data on the cardiovascular effects of cocoa, outlines potential mechanisms involved in the response to cocoa, and highlights the potential clinical implications associated with its consumption.

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Crossref · 10.1161/circulationaha.108.827022

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In laboratory studies and randomized trials, flavonoid-rich cocoa has small but measurable benefits on BP, endothelial function, insulin resistance, and blood lipids.
“In laboratory studies and randomized trials, flavonoid-rich cocoa has small but measurable benefits on BP, endothelial function, insulin resistance, and blood lipids.295-297”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [296]
A few short-term trials of other dietary sources (e.g., tea, red wine, grapes) or specific flavonoid extracts have not consistently improved BP, lipid levels, or endothelial function.
“A few short-term trials of other dietary sources (e.g., tea, red wine, grapes) or specific flavonoid extracts have not consistently improved BP, lipid levels, or endothelial function.295-297”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [296]
In laboratory studies and randomized trials, flavonoid-rich cocoa has small but measurable benefits on BP, endothelial function, insulin resistance, and blood lipids.
“In laboratory studies and randomized trials, flavonoid-rich cocoa has small but measurable benefits on BP, endothelial function, insulin resistance, and blood lipids.295-297”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [297]
A few short-term trials of other dietary sources (e.g., tea, red wine, grapes) or specific flavonoid extracts have not consistently improved BP, lipid levels, or endothelial function.
“A few short-term trials of other dietary sources (e.g., tea, red wine, grapes) or specific flavonoid extracts have not consistently improved BP, lipid levels, or endothelial function.295-297”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [297]

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Does Flavanol Intake Influence Mortality from Nitric Oxide-Dependent Processes? Ischemic Heart Disease, Stroke, Diabetes Mellitus, and Cancer in Panama
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Chocolate Consumption and Platelet Function
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Effects of white and red wine on endothelial function in subjects with coronary artery disease
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Cocoa flavanols lower vascular arginase activity in human endothelial cells in vitro and in erythrocytes in vivo
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Milk and absorption of dietary flavanols
Schroeter, H., Holt, R. R., Orozco, T. J., Schmitz, H. H., & Keen, C. L. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/426787b · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Milk Does Not Affect the Bioavailability of Cocoa Powder Flavonoid in Healthy Human
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Dietary supplementation with cacao liquor proanthocyanidins prevents elevation of blood glucose levels in diabetic obese mice
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Cerebral blood flow response to flavanol-rich cocoa in healthy elderly humans-1
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A stearic acid-rich diet improves thrombogenic and atherogenic risk factor profiles in healthy males
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Acute effect of oral flavonoid-rich dark chocolate intake on coronary circulation, as compared with non-flavonoid white chocolate, by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography in healthy adults
Shiina, Y., Funabashi, N., Lee, K., Murayama, T., Nakamura, K., Wakatsuki, Y., Daimon, M., & Komuro, I. (2007) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.07.131 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Green tea reverses endothelial dysfunction in healthy smokers: Figure 1
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Dark chocolate inhibits platelet aggregation in healthy volunteers
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Constituents of red wine other than alcohol improve endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease
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Serum Fatty Acids and Blood Pressure
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Role of Basal and Stimulated Release of Nitric Oxide in the Regulation of Radial Artery Caliber in Humans
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Age, Renal Perfusion and Function in Island-Dwelling Indigenous Kuna Amerinds of Panama
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Effects of a milk chocolate bar per day substituted for a high-carbohydrate snack in young men on an NCEP/AHA Step 1 Diet
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Effects of theobromine should be considered in future studies
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Role of Circulating S -Nitrosothiols in Control of Blood Pressure
Foster, M. W., Pawloski, J. R., Singel, D. J., & Stamler, J. S. (2004) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000150160.41992.71 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Short-term diets enriched in stearic or palmitic acids do not alter plasma lipids, platelet aggregation or platelet activation status
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Breastfeeding and risk of inflammatory bowel disease
Klement, E., & Reif, S. S. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn.82.2.486 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Health benefits of eating chocolate?
Halliwell, B. B. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/426787a · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Influence of flavan-3-ols and procyanidins on UVC-mediated formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine in isolated DNA
Ottaviani, J. I., Carrasquedo, F., Keen, C. L., Lazarus, S. A., Schmitz, H. H., & Fraga, C. G. (2002) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00455-1 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Estrogen Regulation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α
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Chocolate Consumption and Incidence of Hypertension
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Cocoa Intake, Blood Pressure, and Cardiovascular Mortality
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Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review
Mozaffarian, D. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.018585 · Cited by 2,216 · see citing works
Important Flavonoids and Their Role as a Therapeutic Agent
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The Assessment of Endothelial Function
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Bioavailability of bioactive food compounds: a challenging journey to bioefficacy.
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Basic biochemical mechanisms behind the health benefits of polyphenols
Fraga, C. G., Galleano, M., Verstraeten, S. V., & Oteiza, P. I. (2010) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2010.09.006 · Cited by 748 · see citing works
Effects of chocolate, cocoa, and flavan-3-ols on cardiovascular health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials
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Flavor Chemistry of Cocoa and Cocoa Products—An Overview
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Cocoa and Chocolate in Human Health and Disease
Katz, D. L., Doughty, K. N., & Ali, A. (2011) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2010.3697 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
The primary vascular dysregulation syndrome: implications for eye diseases
Flammer, J., Konieczka, K., & Flammer, A. J. (2013) · The EPMA Journal · doi:10.1186/1878-5085-4-14 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
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Flavonoids, Dairy Foods, and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health
Mozaffarian, D., & Wu, J. H. Y. (2018) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.117.309008 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Effects of (−)-Epicatechin and Other Polyphenols in Cancer, Inflammation, Diabetes, and Neurodegeneration
Shay, J., Elbaz, H. A., Lee, I., Zielske, S. P., Malek, M. H., & Hüttemann, M. (2015) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2015/181260 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Effect of cocoa on blood pressure
Ried, K., Fakler, P., & Stocks, N. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008893.pub3 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
The Health Potential of Fruits and Vegetables Phytochemicals: Notable Examples
Rodríguez‐Casado, A. (2014) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2012.755149 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Status, supply chain and processing of cocoa - A review
Beg, M. S., Ahmad, S., Jan, K., & Bashir, K. (2017) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2017.06.007 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Effect of Cocoa Products on Blood Pressure: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Desch, S., Schmidt, J., Kobler, D., Sonnabend, M., Eitel, I., Sareban, M., Rahimi, K., Schuler, G., & Thiele, H. (2009) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1038/ajh.2009.213 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Dietary flavonoids: Role of (−)-epicatechin and related procyanidins in cell signaling
Fraga, C. G., & Oteiza, P. I. (2011) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.06.002 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Chocolate consumption and cardiometabolic disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis
Buitrago-Lopez, A., Sanderson, J., Johnson, L., Warnakula, S., Wood, A., Di Angelantonio, E., & Franco, O. H. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d4488 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Antioxidant actions of flavonoids: Thermodynamic and kinetic analysis
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Signaling pathways in vascular function and hypertension: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions
Ma, J., Li, Y., Yang, X., Liu, K., Zhang, X., Zuo, X., Ye, R., Wang, Z., Shi, R., Meng, Q., et al. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01430-7 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Cocoa Polyphenols and Their Potential Benefits for Human Health
Andújar, I., Recio, M. C., Giner, R. M., & Rı́os, J. L. (2012) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2012/906252 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Chocolate consumption in relation to blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular disease in German adults
Buijsse, B., Weikert, C., Drogan, D., Bergmann, M. M., & Boeing, H. (2010) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq068 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Bacteria and chocolate: A successful combination for probiotic delivery
Possemiers, S., Marzorati, M., Verstraete, W., & de Wiele, T. V. (2010) · International Journal of Food Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.03.008 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Chocolate Consumption, Cognitive Function, and Nobel Laureates
Messerli, F. H. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmon1211064 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Improvement of Endothelial Function With Dietary Flavanols Is Associated With Mobilization of Circulating Angiogenic Cells in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease
Heiss, C., Jahn, S., Taylor, M., Real, W. M., Angeli, F. S., Wong, M. L., Amabile, N., Prasad, M., Rassaf, T., Ottaviani, J. I., et al. (2010) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.039 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Endothelial Function
Vita, J. A. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.111.078824 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Flavanols and cardiovascular disease prevention
Heiß, C., Keen, C. L., & Kelm, M. (2010) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq332 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Does chocolate reduce blood pressure? A meta-analysis
Ried, K., Sullivan, T., Fakler, P., Frank, O. R., & Stocks, N. (2010) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-8-39 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Phytochemicals in regulating fatty acid β-oxidation: Potential underlying mechanisms and their involvement in obesity and weight loss
Rupasinghe, H. P. V., Sekhon-Loodu, S., Mantso, T., & Panayiotidis, M. I. (2016) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.005 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
(−)-Epicatechin Activation of Endothelial Cell Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase, Nitric Oxide, and Related Signaling Pathways
Ramírez‐Sánchez, I., Maya-Ramos, L., Ceballos, G. M., & Villarreal, F. J. (2010) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.147892 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
A review of the mechanisms and effectiveness of dietary polyphenols in reducing oxidative stress and thrombotic risk
Santhakumar, A. B., Bulmer, A. C., & Singh, I. (2013) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/jhn.12177 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Short-term effect of cocoa product consumption on lipid profile: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Jia, L., Liu, X., Bai, Y. Y., Li, S. H., Sun, K., He, C., & Hui, R. (2010) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28202 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Oligomeric Cocoa Procyanidins Possess Enhanced Bioactivity Compared to Monomeric and Polymeric Cocoa Procyanidins for Preventing the Development of Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Impaired Glucose Tolerance during High-Fat Feeding
Dorenkott, M. R., Griffin, L. E., Goodrich, K. M., Thompson‐Witrick, K. A., Fundaro, G., Ye, L., Stevens, J. R., Ali, M. M., O’Keefe, S. F., Hulver, M. W., et al. (2014) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf500333y · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Consumption of Plant Seeds and Cardiovascular Health
Ros, E., & Hu, F. B. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.112.001119 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Elucidation of (−)-epicatechin metabolites after ingestion of chocolate by healthy humans
Actis‐Goretta, L., Lévèques, A., Giuffrida, F., Romanov‐Michailidis, F., Viton, F., Barron, D., Dueñas, M., González‐Manzano, S., Santos‐Buelga, C., Williamson, G., et al. (2012) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.05.023 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Cocoa Polyphenols and Inflammatory Markers of Cardiovascular Disease
Khan, N., Khymenets, O., Urpí-Sardà, M., Tulipani, S., Garcia‐Aloy, M., Monagas, M., Cubillos, L. X. M., Llorach, R., & Andrés‐Lacueva, C. (2014) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu6020844 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Cardiovascular effects of flavanol-rich chocolate in patients with heart failure
Flammer, A. J., Sudano, I., Wolfrum, M., Thomas, R., Enseleit, F., Periat, D., Kaiser, P., Hirt, A., Hermann, M., Serafini, M., et al. (2011) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr448 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
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Alterations in skeletal muscle indicators of mitochondrial structure and biogenesis in patients with type 2 diabetes and heart failure: effects of epicatechin rich cocoa
Taub, P. R., Ramirez‐Sanchez, I., Ciaraldi, T. P., Perkins, G., Murphy, A. N., Naviaux, R., Hogan, M., Maisel, A. S., Henry, R. R., Ceballos, G., et al. (2012) · Clinical and Translational Science · doi:10.1111/j.1752-8062.2011.00357.x · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Dietary Phytochemicals: Natural Swords Combating Inflammation and Oxidation‐Mediated Degenerative Diseases
Islam, M. A., Alam, F., Solayman, M., Khalil, M. I., Kamal, M. A., & Gan, S. H. (2016) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2016/5137431 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Human endothelial dysfunction: EDRFs
Flammer, A. J., & Lüscher, T. F. (2010) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-010-0822-4 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
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Polyphenols from Cocoa and Vascular Health—A Critical Review
Rimbach, G. H., Melchin, M., Moehring, J., & Wagner, A. E. (2009) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms10104290 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Chocolate, “Food of the Gods”: History, Science, and Human Health
Montagna, M. T., Diella, G., Triggiano, F., Caponio, G. R., Giglio, O. D., Caggiano, G., Ciaula, A. D., & Portincasa, P. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16244960 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Effects of (−)-epicatechin on molecular modulators of skeletal muscle growth and differentiation
Gutiérrez-Salmeán, G., Ciaraldi, T. P., Nogueira, L., Barboza, J., Taub, P. R., Hogan, M. C., Henry, R. R., Meaney, E., Villarreal, F. J., Ceballos, G. M., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.09.007 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Cocoa, Blood Pressure, and Vascular Function
Ludovici, V., Barthelmes, J., Nägele, M. P., Enseleit, F., Ferri, C., Flammer, A. J., Ruschitzka, F. T., & Sudano, I. (2017) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2017.00036 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
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Chocolate Consumption and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, and Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies
Yuan, S., Li, X., Jin, Y., & Lu, J. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9070688 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
From Cocoa to Chocolate: The Impact of Processing on In Vitro Antioxidant Activity and the Effects of Chocolate on Antioxidant Markers In Vivo
Mattia, C. D., Sacchetti, G., Mastrocola, D., & Serafini, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01207 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Cocoa Bioactive Compounds: Significance and Potential for the Maintenance of Skin Health
Scapagnini, G., Davinelli, S., Renzo, L. D., LORENZO, A. D., Olarte, H. H., Micali, G., Cicero, A. F. G., & González, S. (2014) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu6083202 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Cacao seeds are a "Super Fruit": A comparative analysis of various fruit powders and products
Crozier, S. J., Preston, A. G., Hurst, J. W. M., Payne, M. J., Mann, J., Hainly, L. L., & Miller, D. L. (2011) · Chemistry Central Journal · doi:10.1186/1752-153x-5-5 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Cardioprotective effect of Saraca indica against cyclophosphamide induced cardiotoxicity in rats: A biochemical, electrocardiographic and histopathological study
Swamy, A. H. V., Patel, U. M., Koti, B., Gadad, P. C., Patel, N. L., & Thippeswamy, A. H. M. (2013) · Indian Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.4103/0253-7613.106434 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Non enzymatic browning during cocoa roasting as affected by processing time and temperature
Sacchetti, G., Ioannone, F., Gregorio, M. D., Mattia, C. D., Serafini, M., & Mastrocola, D. (2015) · Journal of Food Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.08.018 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Mitigation of Inflammation with Foods
Wu, X., & Schauss, A. G. (2012) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf3007008 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Effect of cocoa and green tea on biomarkers of glucose regulation, oxidative stress, inflammation and hemostasis in obese adults at risk for insulin resistance
Stote, K. S., Clevidence, B. A., Novotny, J. A., Henderson, T. R., Radecki, S. V., & Baer, D. J. (2012) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2012.101 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Cocoa and Human Health: From Head to Foot—A Review
de Araújo, Q. R., Gattward, J. N., Almoosawi, S., Silva, M. D. G. C. P. C., Dantas, P. A. D. S., & Júnior, Q. R. D. A. (2013) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2012.657921 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Epicatechin ingested via cocoa products reduces blood pressure in humans: a nonlinear regression model with a Bayesian approach
Ellinger, S., Reusch, A., Stehle, P., & Helfrich, H. (2012) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.029330 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Coffee, Tea, and Cocoa and Risk of Stroke
Larsson, S. C. (2013) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.113.003131 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Impact of fermentation, drying, roasting and Dutch processing on flavan-3-ol stereochemistry in cacao beans and cocoa ingredients
Hurst, W. J., Krake, S. H., Bergmeier, S. C., Payne, M. J., Miller, K. B., & Stuart, D. A. (2011) · Chemistry Central Journal · doi:10.1186/1752-153x-5-53 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Three decades of endothelium research
Flammer, A. J., & Lüscher, T. F. (2010) · Swiss Medical Weekly · doi:10.4414/smw.2010.13122 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
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Consumption of cocoa, tea and coffee and risk of cardiovascular disease
Castelnuovo, A. F. D., di Giuseppe, R., Iacoviello, L., & de Gaetano, G. (2011) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2011.07.014 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Trace elements in cocoa solids and chocolate: An ICPMS study
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Authors: Corti, R., Flammer, A. J., Hollenberg, N. K., & Lüscher, T. F.
Affiliations: Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
From the Cardiovascular Center, Cardiology University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland (R.C., A.J.F., T.F.L.), and Department of Medicine and Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (N.K.H.).
ORCID: Corti, Roberto
Flammer, Andreas J.
Venue: Circulation
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2009-03-17
Volume: 119
Issue: 10
Pages: 1433-1441
ISSN: 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
1524-4539
DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.827022
OpenAlex: W2105296434
Cited by: 424
References: 105
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 46
FWCI: 5.34
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.zora.uzh.ch
Licence: other-oa
Locations: Circulation (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Chemistry and Fat Analysis
Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
Keywords: Theobroma cacao, cardiovascular health, coronary artery disease, stroke, blood pressure, insulin resistance, vascular function, platelet function, nitric oxide, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, plant-based foods
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Antioxidants, Beverages, Cacao, Catechin, Endothelium, Vascular, Female, Flavonoids, Food Handling, Heart Diseases, Humans, Hyperlipidemias, Hypertension, Indians, Central American, Insulin Resistance, Iowa, Male, Phytotherapy, Medicine, Traditional, Middle Aged, Nitric Oxide, Platelet Aggregation, Switzerland, Overweight

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