(–)-Epicatechin enhances fatigue resistance and oxidative capacity in mouse muscle
Open accessAbstract
The flavanol (-)-epicatechin, a component of cacao (cocoa), has been shown to have multiple health benefits in humans. Using 1-year-old male mice, we examined the effects of 15 days of (-)-epicatechin treatment and regular exercise on: (1) exercise performance, (2) muscle fatigue, (3) capillarity, and (4) mitochondrial biogenesis in mouse hindlimb and heart muscles. Twenty-five male mice (C57BL/6N) were randomized into four groups: (1) water, (2) water-exercise (W-Ex), (3) (-)-epicatechin ((-)-Epi), and (4) (-)-epicatechin-exercise ((-)-Epi-Ex). Animals received 1 mg kg(-1) of (-)-epicatechin or water (vehicle) via oral gavage (twice daily). Exercise groups underwent 15 days of treadmill exercise. Significant increases in treadmill performance (∼50%) and enhanced in situ muscle fatigue resistance (∼30%) were observed with (-)-epicatechin. Components of oxidative phosphorylation complexes, mitofilin, porin, nNOS, p-nNOS, and Tfam as well as mitochondrial volume and cristae abundance were significantly higher with (-)-epicatechin treatment for hindlimb and cardiac muscles than exercise alone. In addition, there were significant increases in skeletal muscle capillarity. The combination of (-)-epicatechin and exercise resulted in further increases in oxidative phosphorylation-complex proteins, mitofilin, porin and capillarity than (-)-epicatechin alone. These findings indicate that (-)-epicatechin alone or in combination with exercise induces an integrated response that includes structural and metabolic changes in skeletal and cardiac muscles resulting in greater endurance capacity. These results, therefore, warrant the further evaluation of the underlying mechanism of action of (-)-epicatechin and its potential clinical application as an exercise mimetic.
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(-)-Epicatechin supplementation was not as potent as endurance exercise in remodeling skeletal muscle, but in combination with exercise training had a synergistic effect.
“Importantly, (-)-epicatechin supplementation was not as potent as endurance exercise in remodeling skeletal muscle, however (-)-epicatechin supplementation in combination with exercise training had a synergistic effect.”
From New strategies in sport nutrition to increase exercise performance (2016) · cites this paper as [166]
Fifteen days of (-)-epicatechin supplementation increased skeletal muscle fatigue resistance, mitochondrial volume and angiogenesis in mice compared to activity-matched controls.
“Noguiera et al. (2011) were the first to report that fifteen days (-)-epicatechin supplementation increased skeletal muscle fatigue resistance, mitochondrial volume and angiogenesis in mice compared to activitymatched controls [166].”
From New strategies in sport nutrition to increase exercise performance (2016) · cites this paper as [166]
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- Authors
- Nogueira, L., Ramirez‐Sanchez, I., Perkins, G. A., Murphy, A., Taub, P. R., Ceballos, G., Villarreal, F. J., Hogan, M. C., & Malek, M. H.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional (MX)
- Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Physiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-09
- Volume
- 589
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 4615-4631
- ISSN
- 0022-3751 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7793
- PMC
- PMC3208228
- OpenAlex
- W2143904165
- Cited by
- 205
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 13.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Journal of Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR040155)
- National Center for Research Resources (P41RR004050, RR004050)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Keywords
- epicatechin, flavan-3-ols, Theobroma cacao, exercise performance, muscle fatigue resistance, oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial biogenesis, myocardium, endurance capacity, exercise mimetics, treadmill exercise, mitofilin, porin, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, TFAM
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antioxidants, Capillaries, Catechin, Hindlimb, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mitochondria, Muscle, Muscle Contraction, Oxidation-Reduction, Physical Conditioning, Animal, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Fatigue, Models, Animal, Mice, In Vitro Techniques
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