Cited by 278Health Policy Implementation ScienceHealth Sciences Research and EducationClinical practice guidelines implementation

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Developing Robust, Sustainable, Implementation Systems Using Rigorous, Rapid and Relevant Science

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Glasgow, Russell E., Chambers, David·2012·Clinical and Translational Science

DOI 10.1111/j.1752-8062.2011.00383.xPMC PMC5439908

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Abstract

Background: Current approaches to medical science generally have not resulted in rapid, robust integration into feasible, sustainable real world healthcare programs and policies. Implementation science risks falling short of expectations if it aligns with historical norms. Fundamentally different scientific approaches are needed to accelerate such integration. Methods: We propose that the key goal of implementation science should be to study the development, spread and sustainability of broadly applicable and practical programs, treatments, guidelines, and policies that are contextually relevant and robust across diverse settings, delivery staff, and subgroups. We recommend key conceptual and methodological characteristics needed to accomplish these goals. Results: The methods to produce such advances should be rapid, rigorous, transparent, and contextually relevant. We recommend approaches that incorporate a systems perspective, investigate generalizability, are transparent, and employ practical measures and participatory approaches. Conclusions: To produce different outcomes, we need to think and act differently. Implications of such an implementation science approach include fundamental changes that should be relevant to Clinical Translational Science Award investigators, comparative effectiveness researchers, those interested in pragmatic trials, grant funders, and community partners. Clin Trans Sci 2012; Volume #: 1–8

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“the comparative the effectiveness of two modes of delivering information to target audiences) [1].”
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“Policy relevance that ultimately enhances clinical trial population impact is also relevant to the Robust, Sustainable, Implementation Systems Framework [37, 52, 53]).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
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“In relation to this latter point – the apparent dis-connect between implementation science and implementation practice – critics have challenged the dominant paradigm of implementation research as it is currently conducted, notably a reliance on methodologies that emphasize experimental control and adherence to clearl…”
Background
Continued Use of Evidence-Based Treatments After a Randomized Controlled Effectiveness Trial: A Qualitative Study
Palinkas, L. A., Weisz, J. R., Chorpita, B. F., Levine, B., Garland, A. F., Hoagwood, K., & Landsverk, J. A. (2013) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.004682012 · Cited by 50
Understanding dynamic complexity in context—Enriching contextual analysis in implementation science from a constructivist perspective
Mielke, J., Geest, S. D., Zúñiga, F., Brunkert, T., Zullig, L. L., Pfadenhauer, L. M., & Staudacher, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Health Services · doi:10.3389/frhs.2022.953731 · Cited by 47
“Within that specific context, this allows them to expose potential problems and increases their understanding of why and how this context influences implementation success (14, 50, 59).”
Background
Unraveling implementation context: the Basel Approach for coNtextual ANAlysis (BANANA) in implementation science and its application in the SMILe project
Mielke, J., Leppla, L., Valenta, S., Zullig, L. L., Zúñiga, F., Staudacher, S., Teynor, A., & Geest, S. D. (2022) · Implementation Science Communications · doi:10.1186/s43058-022-00354-7 · Cited by 50
Implementation Science in Perioperative Care
Lane-Fall, M. B., Cobb, B. T., Cené, C. W., & Beidas, R. S. (2018) · Anesthesiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.anclin.2017.10.004 · Cited by 42
Implementation Science in Cancer Prevention and Control: A Framework for Research and Programs in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Sivaram, S., Sanchez, M. A., Rimer, B. K., Samet, J. M., & Glasgow, R. E. (2014) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0472 · Cited by 41
“It involves methods for integrating scientific evidence into practice and policy to benefit public health (63) (64) (65) (6).”
MethodSelf-citation
The development and implementation of a brief intervention for medically admitted suicide attempt survivors
O’Connor, S. S., Comtois, K. A., Wang, J., Russo, J. E., Peterson, R. S., Lapping-Carr, L. R., & Zatzick, D. (2015) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.05.001 · Cited by 45
“Interventions intended for high-risk populations [2] must take into account patient, provider, and setting level contextual factors, where new skills are expected to be quickly learned and adopted by care providers, valued by patients, and fit within the culture of specific clinical settings [3].”
Background
A systematic review of eHealth cancer prevention and control interventions: new technology, same methods and designs?
Sanchez, M. A., Rabin, B. A., Gaglio, B., Henton, M., Elzarrad, M. K., Purcell, P., & Glasgow, R. E. (2013) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13142-013-0224-1 · Cited by 40
Self-citation
Randomized Effectiveness Trial of the New Beginnings Program for Divorced Families with Children and Adolescents
Sandler, I. N., Wolchik, S. A., Mazza, G. L., Gunn, H., Tein, J., Berkel, C., Jones, S. L., & Porter, M. M. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2018.1540008 · Cited by 49
Adoption of Innovation in Herpes Simplex Virus Keratitis
Chodosh, J., & Ung, L. (2020) · Cornea · doi:10.1097/ico.0000000000002425 · Cited by 42
Evaluation of a multidisciplinary lipid clinic to improve the care of individuals with severe lipid conditions: a RE-AIM framework analysis
Jones, L. K., McMinn, M., Kann, D., Lesko, M. G., Sturm, A. C., Walters, N., Chen, N., Fry, K., Brownson, R. C., Gidding, S. S., et al. (2021) · Implementation Science Communications · doi:10.1186/s43058-021-00135-8 · Cited by 41
“Implementation science frameworks have rarely been applied in the eld of lipidology or FH (22).”
Background
About Eating: An Online Program With Evidence of Increased Food Resource Management Skills for Low-Income Women
Lohse, B., BeLue, R., Smith, S., Wamboldt, P., & Cunningham-Sabo, L. D. (2015) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2015.01.006 · Cited by 39
The iPRISM webtool: an interactive tool to pragmatically guide the iterative use of the Practical, Robust Implementation and Sustainability Model in public health and clinical settings
Trinkley, K. E., Glasgow, R. E., D’Mello, S. K., Fort, M. P., Ford, B. S., & Rabin, B. A. (2023) · Implementation Science Communications · doi:10.1186/s43058-023-00494-4 · Cited by 38
Self-citation
Strengthening children’s roots of resilience: Trauma-responsive early learning
Lipscomb, S. T., Hatfield, B. E., Lewis, H., Goka‐Dubose, E., & Fisher, P. A. (2019) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104510 · Cited by 37
Recommendations for strengthening the role of embedded researchers to accelerate implementation in health systems: Findings from a state-of-the-art (SOTA) conference workgroup
Damschroder, L. J., Knighton, A. J., Griese, E. R., Greene, S. M., Lozano, P., Kilbourne, A. M., Buist, D. S. M., Crotty, K., Elwy, A. R., Fleisher, L. A., et al. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.1016/j.hjdsi.2020.100455 · Cited by 39
Advancing rapid adaptation for urgent public health crises: Using implementation science to facilitate effective and efficient responses
Eisman, A. B., Kim, B., Salloum, R. G., Shuman, C. J., & Glasgow, R. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.959567 · Cited by 44
Self-citation
Advancing Translation of Clinical Research Into Practice and Population Health Impact Through Implementation Science
Rutten, L. J. F., Ridgeway, J. L., & Griffin, J. M. (2024) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2023.02.005 · Cited by 43
Concocting that Magic Elixir: Successful Grant Application Writing in Dissemination and Implementation Research
Brownson, R. C., Colditz, G. A., Dobbins, M., Emmons, K. M., Kerner, J. F., Padek, M. M., Proctor, E. K., & Stange, K. C. (2015) · Clinical and Translational Science · doi:10.1111/cts.12356 · Cited by 35
“, addressing health disparities); (2) implementing a new method of adapting an intervention for different D&I contexts; (3) applying a particular scientific method that may be underused in D&I research (e.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Integrated solutions for sustainable fall prevention in primary care, the iSOLVE project: a type 2 hybrid effectiveness-implementation design
Clemson, L., Mackenzie, L., Roberts, C., Poulos, R., Tan, A. C. W., Lovarini, M., Sherrington, C., Simpson, J., Willis, K., Lam, M., et al. (2017) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-016-0529-9 · Cited by 39
“The advantages of a blended effectiveness-implementation design is that it uses mixed-methods which are designed to evaluate both content and context as a way of accelerating research into practice, in particular by avoiding lengthy stepwise approaches [51, 52].”
Method
The Role of Leadership in Organizational Implementation and Sustainment in Service Agencies
Moullin, J. C., Ehrhart, M. G., & Aarons, G. A. (2017) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731517718361 · Cited by 44
“Each influencing factor may operate in multiple ways depending on their determinants and focus, and there are likely to be complex interactions between factors (Ahearne, Jelinek, Mathieu, Rapp, & Schillewaert, 2015; Glasgow & Chambers, 2012; Jacobs, Dodson, Baker, Deshpande, & Brownson, 2010).”
Background
Dissemination and Implementation Science Approaches for Occupational Safety and Health Research: Implications for Advancing Total Worker Health
Guerin, R. J., Harden, S. M., Rabin, B. A., Rohlman, D. S., Cunningham, T. R., TePoel, M. R. W., Parish, M., & Glasgow, R. E. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182111050 · Cited by 37
“Other key characteristics and implications of D&I science, adapted from Glasgow and Chambers [33], with tailored considerations for TWH researchers are presented in Table 1.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Commentary: Increasing the Connectivity Between Implementation Science and Public Health: Advancing Methodology, Evidence Integration, and Sustainability
Chambers, D. (2017) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-110717-045850 · Cited by 33
Self-citation
How to improve recruitment, sustainability and scalability in physical activity programmes for adults aged 50 years and older: A qualitative study of key stakeholder perspectives
O’Regan, A., Bengoechea, E. G., Clifford, A. M., Casey, M., Gallagher, S. M., Glynn, L. G., Doyle, C. B., & Woods, C. B. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240974 · Cited by 32
“Intervention sustainability is an under-researched area [20] that should be considered at the early phases of a project [21].”
Background
Virtual Educational Outreach Intervention in Primary Care Based on the Principles of Academic Detailing
Baldwin, L., Fischer, M. A., Powell, J., Holden, E., Tuzzio, L., Fagnan, L. J., Hummel, J., & Parchman, M. L. (2018) · Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions · doi:10.1097/ceh.0000000000000224 · Cited by 30
“Early efforts in this area include identifying, developing, and tailoring implementation strategies and testing their effectiveness in real-world settings.(25) Powell et al,(6) in their refined taxonomy of implementation strategies, identified educational outreach visits as one such strategy.”
Background
Using a cross-contextual reciprocal learning approach in a multisite implementation research project to improve self-management for type 2 diabetes
van Olmen, J., Delobelle, P., Guwatudde, D., Absetz, P., Sanders, D. M., Alvesson, H. M., Puoane, T. R., Östenson, C., Tomson, G. B., Mayega, R. W., et al. (2018) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001068 · Cited by 29
“However, some authors have argued that programmes are rarely successful as initially implemented and need to evolve and adapt to a changing context in order to be sustainable.(39) The generalisability of study results should be considered from the view of transferability.”
Background
Checklists for external validity: a systematic review
Dyrvig, A., Kidholm, K., Gerke, O., & Vondeling, H. (2014) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.12166 · Cited by 28
Evaluating broad-scale system change using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research: challenges and strategies to overcome them
Hill, J. N., Locatelli, S. M., Bokhour, B. G., Fix, G. M., Solomon, J., Mueller, N., & LaVela, S. L. (2018) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-018-3650-9 · Cited by 31
Adapting Translational Research Methods to Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene
Setty, K., Cronk, R., George, S., Anderson, D. M., O’Flaherty, G., & Bartram, J. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16204049 · Cited by 30
“Glasgow and Chambers (2012) recommend translational research methods address rapidity, rigor, transparency, and contextual relevance [153].”
Background
Identifying challenges and recommendations for advancing global mental health implementation research: A key informant study of the National Institute of Mental Health Scale-Up Hubs
Naslund, J. A., Kalha, J., Restivo, J. L., Amarreh, I., Callands, T. A., Chen, H., Gómez–Restrepo, C., Hamoda, H. M., Kapoor, A., Levkoff, S. E., et al. (2021) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102557 · Cited by 27
Understanding the sustainment of population health programmes from a whole-of-system approach
Crane, M. A., Nathan, N., McKay, H. A., Lee, K., Wiggers, J., & Bauman, A. E. (2022) · Health Research Policy and Systems · doi:10.1186/s12961-022-00843-0 · Cited by 35
“If PPPs are terminated prematurely, they may fail to elicit individual health benefits [11] or positive return on investment [6].”
Background
Translation of a behavioral weight loss intervention for mid‐life, low‐income women in local health departments
Samuel‐Hodge, C. D., Garcia, B. A., Johnston, L. F., Gizlice, Z., Ni, A., Cai, J., Kraschnewski, J. L., Gustafson, A., Norwood, A. F., Glasgow, R. E., et al. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20317 · Cited by 26
“Such pragmatic implementation research (11) shares features with practical clinical trials (12), which provide information for decision-makers on how an intervention works in representative practice settings, including pragmatic considerations of cost and participation.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Mental Health Research in the Global Era: Training the Next Generation
Sweetland, A. C., Oquendo, M. A., Carlson, C., Magidson, J. F., & Wainberg, M. L. (2015) · Academic Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40596-015-0437-3 · Cited by 25
“This field is concerned with identifying, understanding, and overcoming barriers to the adoption, adaptation, integration, scale-up, and sustainability of evidence-based practices across diverse settings [9].”
Background
Delivering the aims of the Collaborations for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care: understanding their strategies and contributions
Soper, B., Hinrichs, S., Drabble, S., Yaqub, O., Marjanovic, S., Hanney, S. R., & Nolte, E. (2015) · Health Services and Delivery Research · doi:10.3310/hsdr03250 · Cited by 24
A Simple Framework for Complex System Improvement
Kraft, S. A., Carayon, P., Weiss, J. M., & Pandhi, N. (2014) · American Journal of Medical Quality · doi:10.1177/1062860614530184 · Cited by 24
“Furthermore, dissemination of evidence-based interventions has been the subject of debate and consternation,(3) and developing an understanding of this area has been identified as an emerging national research priority.(4) To assist quality improvement leaders with these tasks, a standard framework or model to guide s…”
Background
Bariatric surgery implementation trends in the USA from 2002 to 2012
Johnson, E. E., Simpson, A. N., Harvey, J., & Simpson, K. N. (2015) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-016-0382-x · Cited by 23
“receive, research is needed on how to translate experimental research findings into clinical and public health practice [4–6].”
Background
Understanding the applicability of results from primary care trials: lessons learned from applying PRECIS-2
Forbes, G., Loudon, K., Treweek, S. P., Taylor, S. J., & Eldridge, S. M. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.06.007 · Cited by 25
Comparing a standard and tailored approach to scaling up an evidence-based intervention for antiretroviral therapy for people who inject drugs in Vietnam: study protocol for a cluster randomized hybrid type III trial
Nguyen, M. X. B., Chu, A. V., Powell, B. J., Tran, H. V., Nguyen, L. H., Dao, A. T. M., Pham, M. D., Vo, S. H., Bui, N. H., Dowdy, D. W., et al. (2020) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-020-01020-z · Cited by 19
“The lack of systematic approaches to developing implementation strategies can lead to failed implementation efforts and make them difficult to replicate in other settings [30, 31].”
Background
Anxiety and its treatment: Promoting science-based practice
Lohr, J. M., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Rosen, G. M. (2012) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.06.007 · Cited by 22
“…Glasgow nd his colleagues observed that current approaches to studyng treatment outcomes have generally failed to produce rapid, obust and sustainable real world health care programs and poliies (Glasgow & Chambers, 2012; Glasgow et al., 2012; Glasgow Steiner, 2012; Kessler & Glasgow, 2011).”
Background
Promoting development and uptake of health innovations: The Nose to Tail Tool
Gupta, A., Thorpe, C. F., Bhattacharyya, O. K., & Zwarenstein, M. (2016) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.8145.1 · Cited by 22
A Partnered Research Initiative to Accelerate Implementation of Comprehensive Care for Women Veterans
Yano, E. M. (2015) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000000340 · Cited by 22
“Practicing partnered research through new approaches to multilevel engagement, like the CREATE, holds significant promise for forming robust, sustainable strategies for more rapidly integrating rigorous science into quality improvement and transforming the VA into a next generation learning organization.(24,25)”
Reliability and validity of a Spanish-language measure assessing clinical capacity to sustain Paediatric Early Warning Systems (PEWS) in resource-limited hospitals
Agulnik, A., Malone, S., Puerto-Torres, M., Gonzalez-Ruiz, A., Vedaraju, Y., Wang, H., Graetz, D., Prewitt, K., Villegas, C., Cardenas-Aguierre, A., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053116 · Cited by 20
Sustainable occupational safety and health interventions: A study on the factors for an effective design
Vitrano, G., Micheli, G. J. L., Guglielmi, A., de Merich, D., Pellicci, M., Urso, D., & Ipsen, C. (2023) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106249 · Cited by 27
Assess, Plan, Do, Evaluate, and Report: Iterative Cycle to Remove Academic Control of a Community-Based Physical Activity Program
Harden, S. M., Balis, L. E., Strayer, T. E., & Wilson, M. L. (2021) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd18.200513 · Cited by 21
“In fact, intervention developers should assume adaptations will occur and provide guidance for making appropriate adaptations (4,19,34,38).”
Quantitative measures used in empirical evaluations of mental health policy implementation: A systematic review
Pilar, M. R., Jost, E., Walsh‐Bailey, C., Powell, B. J., Mazzucca, S., Eyler, A. A., Purtle, J., Allen, P. M., & Brownson, R. C. (2022) · Implementation Research and Practice · doi:10.1177/26334895221141116 · Cited by 26
“Others were underrepresented (e.g., political will for policy implementation) or absent (e.g., sustainability) from measures, despite the known significance within implementation science (Glasgow & Chambers, 2012).”
Background

Authors: Glasgow, R. E., & Chambers, D.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
National Institute of Mental Health (US)
Corresponding author: Glasgow, Russell E.
ORCID: Glasgow, Russell E.
Venue: Clinical and Translational Science
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2012-02
Volume: 5
Issue: 1
Pages: 48-55
ISSN: 1752-8054 (ISSN-L)
1752-8062
DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-8062.2011.00383.x
PMC: PMC5439908
OpenAlex: W1980568269
Cited by: 278
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 33.55
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 22 d)
Locations: Clinical and Translational Science (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Sciences Research and Education
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Clinical practice guidelines implementation
Keywords: implementation science, generalizability, systems approach, participatory approach, translational research, pragmatic trials, comparative effectiveness research, research transparency
MeSH terms: Cooperative Behavior, Health Policy, Health Services Research, Humans, Organizational Objectives, Research Design, Research Support as Topic, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Community Networks, Evidence-Based Medicine, Translational Research, Biomedical, Comparative Effectiveness Research

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Developing Robust, Sustainable, Implementation Systems Using Rigorous, Rapid and Relevant Science

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