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Cited by 77Bioenergy crop production and managementSoil Carbon and Nitrogen DynamicsEnvironmental Impact and Sustainability

Modelling the carbon and nitrogen balances of direct land use changes from energy crops in Denmark: a consequential life cycle inventory

Open access
Hamelin, Lorie, Jørgensen, Uffe, Petersen, Bjørn M., Olesen, Jørgen E., Wenzel, Henrik·2012·GCB Bioenergy
DOI 10.1111/j.1757-1707.2012.01174.x
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Abstract

This paper addresses the conversion of Danish agricultural land from food/feed crops to energy crops. To this end, a life cycle inventory, which relates the input and output flows from and to the environment of 528 different crop systems, is built and described. This includes seven crops (annuals and perennials), two soil types (sandy loam and sand), two climate types (wet and dry), three initial soil carbon level (high, average, low), two time horizons for soil carbon changes (20 and 100 years), two residues management practices (removal and incorporation into soil) as well as three soil carbon turnover rate reductions in response to the absence of tillage for some perennial crops (0%, 25%, 50%). For all crop systems, nutrient balances, balances between above‐ and below‐ground residues, soil carbon changes, biogenic carbon dioxide flows, emissions of nitrogen compounds and losses of macro‐ and micronutrients are presented. The inventory results highlight Miscanthus as a promising energy crop, indicating it presents the lowest emissions of nitrogen compounds, the highest amount of carbon dioxide sequestrated from the atmosphere, a relatively high carbon turnover efficiency and allows to increase soil organic carbon. Results also show that the magnitude of these benefits depends on the harvest season, soil types and climatic conditions. Inventory results further highlight winter wheat as the only annual crop where straw removal for bioenergy may be sustainable, being the only annual crop not involving losses of soil organic carbon as a result of harvesting the straw. This, however, is conditional to manure application, and is only true on sandy soils.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This paper develops a consequential life cycle inventory for direct land use change from food/feed crops to energy crops in Denmark, covering 528 crop-system combinations and quantifying carbon and nitrogen balances including soil carbon changes. It finds Miscanthus generally promising for low nitrogen emissions and soil carbon sequestration, while winter wheat straw removal may be sustainable only with manure application and only on sandy soils.

Key findings

  • The inventory covers 528 combinations of seven crops, two soil types (sandy loam and sand), two climates (wet and dry), three initial soil carbon levels (high, average, low), two time horizons (20 and 100 years), two residue management practices (removal and incorporation), and three soil carbon turnover reductions for perennials (0%, 25%, 50%).
  • Miscanthus showed the lowest emissions of nitrogen compounds, the highest amount of carbon dioxide sequestered from the atmosphere, a relatively high carbon turnover efficiency, and the ability to increase soil organic carbon; these benefits depended on harvest season, soil type, and climate.
  • Winter wheat was the only annual crop where straw removal for bioenergy may be sustainable without soil organic carbon loss, but this was conditional on manure application and true only on sandy soils.
  • Combining spring barley with a catch crop reduced nitrate leaching by approximately 54% and ammonia volatilization by approximately 14%; straw and top incorporation sequestered 2.7–5.2 Mg C ha⁻¹ on sandy soils and 3.0–6.9 Mg C ha⁻¹ on sandy loam soils over 20 years.

Methods

  • A consequential life cycle inventory was built for direct land use change from Danish food/feed crops to energy crops, with input and output flows quantified for 528 crop systems.
  • Soil carbon changes were estimated with the C-TOOL model over 20- and 100-year horizons; nitrogen leaching was calculated with N-LES 4 for ryegrass and annual crops, and N₂O emissions used IPCC methodology.
  • Sensitivity analyses tested urea instead of calcium ammonium nitrate, fertilization with no manure, the Crutzen et al. top-down N₂O approach, and inclusion of N₂O from soil organic matter mineralization.

Limitations

  • The paper states that data quality is an important limitation, especially for above- and below-ground residue estimates; the fixed ratio between above- and below-ground biomass may overestimate below-ground carbon input.
  • The paper states that willow and Miscanthus yields are based on very few experiments compared with other crops, and that the inventory reflects Danish conditions, though it can be adapted to other regions.
  • The text makes evident that annual crop and ryegrass yields did not distinguish wet and dry climates due to the use of national fertilization guidelines, and that N₂O methodology choice can considerably affect global warming potential results.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1757-1707.2012.01174.x

Cites

53 of 53 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 40 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    The magnitude of the benefits of Miscanthus depends on the harvest season, soil types and climatic conditions.

    “Results also show that the magnitude of these benefits depends on the harvest season, soil types and climatic conditions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The inventory results indicate that Miscanthus has a relatively high carbon turnover efficiency.

    “The inventory results highlight Miscanthus as a promising energy crop, indicating it presents the lowest emissions of nitrogen compounds, the highest amount of carbon dioxide sequestrated from the atmosphere, a relatively high carbon turnover efficiency and allows to increase soil organic carbon.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    Only willow and Miscanthus (both harvest seasons) show variation in yields between wet and dry climates.

    “Table 2 also highlights that it is only for willow and Miscanthus (both harvest seasons), whose yields are more sensitive to water availability, that there is a variation between the wet and the dry climate.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    On soils with an average initial soil C level, only perennial crop systems as well as winter wheat and spring barley with straw incorporation and catch crop gave rise to an increase in soil C.

    “On soils with an average initial soil C level, only perennial crop systems as well as winter wheat and spring barley with straw incorporation and catch crop gave rise to an increase in soil C (Fig. 2a).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    The C and N input to soil from above- and below-ground residues is generally greater on sandy loam soils for most crops.

    “As a result, the C and N input to soil from above-and below-ground residues is generally greater on sandy loam soils for most crops (Table 3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 25
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 14

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Yields on sandy loam soils are generally higher than on sandy soils, and this also applies for above- and below-ground residues.

    “Table 2 also shows that yields on sandy loam soils are generally higher than on sandy soils, and this also applies for the above-and below-ground residues.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Some crops require a much greater N input than other crops; for example, ryegrass requires approximately 2.8 times more than spring barley.

    “As highlighted in Table 1, some crops require a much greater N input than other crops (e.g.ryegrass requires approximately 2.8 times more than spring barley).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The highest yielding crops in terms of biomass DM are willow, Miscanthus, silage maize, sugar beet and ryegrass, with Miscanthus harvested in autumn being the highest.

    “The highest yielding crops in terms of biomass DM are, as illustrated in Table 2, willow, Miscanthus, silage maize, sugar beet and ryegrass, Miscanthus harvested in autumn being the highest.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The results indicate a general increase of about 46% of NH3-N when urea is used instead of CAN, though this is much higher for ryegrass and willow.

    “The results indicate a general increase of about 46% of NH 3 -N when urea is used instead of CAN, though this is much higher for ryegrass and willow (for years where fertilization is performed with 100% mineral fertilizers).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Silage maize and sugar beet, unlike Miscanthus (autumn harvest), contribute to soil C losses.

    “An important difference between silage maize and sugar beet vs. Miscanthus (autumn harvest) crop systems is, however, that these crops contribute to soil C losses (Fig. 2a).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The C turnover efficiency ranges between 62% and 72% for silage maize, sugar beet and Miscanthus (autumn harvest), while it varies from 33% to 58% for the other crop systems.

    “In fact, the ratio of the total harvest (primary and secondary yield, when this applies) to the net C sequestrated in the plant material (dark blue in the input bars), here referred to as the C turnover efficiency, ranges between 62% and 72% for these crops, while it varies from 33% to 58% for the other crop systems (Appendix S6).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingreasoning

    Biogenic NMVOC emissions tend to be greater on sandy loam soil, reflecting the higher crop yields on that soil type.

    “It also tends to be greater on sandy loam soil, reflecting the higher crop yields on that soil type (Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Fig. 3b, 3a and 3c, some systems have outputs slightly lower than input, the difference reflecting soil C sequestration.

    “In contrast, Fig. 3b but also Fig. 3a and c show systems where the outputs are slightly lower than the input, the difference reflecting the soil C sequestration that occurred in these systems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    For winter wheat and spring barley with straw incorporation and catch crop, winter wheat with straw removal, and Miscanthus harvested in autumn, the increase in soil C only applies on sandy soil.

    “This, however, only applies on sandy soil for the latter, as well as for winter wheat with straw removal and for Miscanthus harvested in autumn.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Biogenic NMVOC emitted from photosynthesising leaves of crops are larger for perennial than annual crops.

    “Biogenic NMVOC emitted from photosynthesising leaves of crops are, as expected, larger for perennial than annual crops.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    In Fig. 3a and c, the C outputs are slightly greater than the input for some crop systems because these systems are losing soil C.

    “In Fig. 3a and c, the C outputs are slightly greater than the input for some crop systems.This is because these systems are losing soil C, i.e. some C that was already in the soil is degraded and emitted as CO 2 -C (in orange in the output bars).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Ryegrass presents the highest emissions for most N flows, while Miscanthus and willow generally present the smallest.

    “Ryegrass therefore presents the highest emissions for most N flows, while Miscanthus and willow generally present the smallest.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Reducing the turnover rate in response to absence of tillage is important for soil C results; soil C level is at least increased by ca.45% each time the turnover rate is reduced by 25%.

    “Reducing the turnover rate in response to the absence of tillage is, as shown in Fig. 2c., important for the soil C results, as the soil C level is at least increased by ca.45% each time the turnover rate is reduced by 25%.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The sensitivity analysis considering no manure applied showed similar tendencies: a considerable effect on NH3 emissions, and a smaller effect on N2O, with the effect being in the same order of magnitude for all crops.

    “The sensitivity analysis considering that no manure is applied showed similar tendencies, i.e. a considerable effect on NH 3 emissions, and a smaller effect on N 2 O, the effect being in the same order of magnitude for all crops (Table 6).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For medium initial soil C, wet climate, and 20-year horizon, the effect of a catch crop on soil C is not as significant as for straw incorporation, but has a non-negligible impact, with an increase of approximately 2.1 Mg C ha−1.

    “Also for the abovementioned specific set of conditions, the effect of a catch crop on soil C is not as significant as for straw incorporation, but yet has a non negligible impact on soil C (Fig. 2a), the increase being of approximately 2.1 Mg C ha À1 , for 20 years.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The climate type mainly affected the NO3− leaching results, and consequently slightly affected the indirect N2O results.

    “The climate type mainly affected the NO 3 À leaching results, and consequently, slightly affected the (indirect) N 2 O results as well (Fig. 5).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The soil C losses with no manure input become much greater, and the gains much reduced.

    “The soil C losses with no manure input become much greater, and the gains much reduced.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Combining spring barley with a catch crop significantly reduced nitrate leaching (approximately 54% reduction), and to some extent also NH3 volatilization (approximately 14% reduction).

    “Combining spring barley with a catch crop significantly reduced nitrate leaching (approximately 54% reduction), and to some extent also NH 3 volatilization (approximately 14% reduction).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    Different results would be observed in regions with different climatic conditions than Denmark.

    “It is nevertheless acknowledged that different results would be observed in regions with different climatic conditions than Denmark.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The fertilization operations are performed in conformity with Danish regulations, involving an upper ceiling for the amount of N to be applied on the field.

    “The fertilization operations are performed in conformity with Danish regulations (Danish Ministry of the Environment, 2006; Danish Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Fisheries, 2008), involving an upper ceiling for the amount of N to be applied on the field.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Danish Ministry of the Environment, 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Danish Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Fisheries, 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisereasoning

    A correct C balance should take into account the amount of C sequestrated/released from the soil over the time horizon considered.

    “Yet, these flows are not necessary equal, and a correct balance should take into account the amount of C sequestrated/released from the soil, over the time horizon considered.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    In most LCAs, the C balance is incomplete, the C uptake from the atmosphere being assumed equal to the C harvested plus the C released from decay of plant residues.

    “In most LCAs, the C balance is incomplete, the C uptake from the atmosphere being assumed equal to the C harvested plus the C released from decay of plant residues.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The type of mineral N fertilizer used is important for N flows results, and to some extent for C flows, because of CO2 emissions induced by urea application.

    “This nevertheless highlights the importance of the type of mineral N fertilizer used on the N flows results, and to some extent on the C flows, because of the CO 2 emissions induced by urea application.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The absence of tillage introduces a different depth profile of soil C and differences in vertical transport of soil C, which may bias estimates of changes in soil C if they are only based on measurements in the top soil.

    “The absence of tillage introduces a completely different depth profile of soil C and also differences in vertical transport of soil C, which may bias estimates of changes in soil C if they are only based on measurements in the top soil.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Saffih-Hdadi & Mary (2008) presented a similar range of values, 1.6-7.7 Mg C ha−1, when their results are converted for 20 years.

    “Saffih-Hdadi & Mary (2008), who used their simulation model on data from nine different published studies, presented a similar range of values, i.e. 1.6-7.7 Mg C ha À1 , when their results are converted for 20 years.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Saffih-Hdadi & Mary, 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Since this inventory considers no input of mineral Cu and Zn, not applying manure would mean no Cu and Zn losses.

    “Since this inventory considers no input of mineral Cu and Zn, not applying manure would mean no Cu and Zn losses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The considerable effect of catch crops on leaching was expected as nitrate leaching reduction is the main purpose of catch crops, and similar magnitudes of NO3− reduction have been reported in other studies.

    “The considerable effect of catch crops on leaching was expected as nitrate leaching reduction is the main purpose of catch crops, and similar magnitudes of NO 3 À reduction have been reported in other studies (Hansen & Djurhuus, 1997;Askegaard et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Hansen & Djurhuus, 1997

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Askegaard et al., 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Such a large reduction in turnover rate has been questioned when the entire soil profile is considered, and other studies have shown smaller effects of tillage on soil organic matter turnover.

    “However, such a large reduction in turnover rate has been questioned when the entire soil profile is considered, and other studies have shown smaller effects of tillage on soil organic matter turnover (Baker et al., 2007;Govaerts et al., 2009).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Baker et al., 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Govaerts et al., 2009

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    These results are consistent with Harrison & Webb (2001), who concluded that replacing urea with nitrate based fertilizers has the potential to significantly reduce NH3 without affecting N2O losses.

    “These results are consistent with Harrison & Webb (2001), who concluded that replacing urea with nitrate based fertilizers has the potential to significantly reduce NH 3 without affecting N 2 O losses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Harrison & Webb, 2001

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Many studies reported, from a short-term perspective, a decrease in NO3− losses with increasing straw incorporation due to a temporary immobilization of mineral N by soil microflora.

    “Many studies reported, from a short-term perspective, a decrease in NO 3 À losses with increasing straw incorporation (e.g.Beaudoin et al., 2005;Gabrielle & Gagnaire, 2008), due to a temporary immobilization of mineral N by soil microflora.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Beaudoin et al., 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Gabrielle & Gagnaire, 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The higher CO2-C flows on sandy loam soils reflect higher yields on this soil type and consequently higher residue input with potential to be emitted as CO2.

    “which reflects once again the higher yields on this soil type (Table 2), and consequently the higher residue input which has the potential to be emitted as CO 2 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The inventory, because of its high disaggregation and transparency, can easily be adapted, with the methodologies presented in this study, so it can as well be used for assessing bioenergy systems of other regions.

    “However, the inventory, because of its high disaggregation and transparency, can easily be adapted, with the methodologies presented in this study, so it can as well be used for assessing bioenergy systems of other regions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Even though the absolute values of each individual parameter considered in this LCI could be improved, the relative differences modelled between each crop systems are believed to reflect the reality observed in Northern European fields.

    “However, even though the absolute values of each individual parameter considered in this LCI could be improved, the relative differences modelled between each crop systems are believed to reflect the reality observed in Northern European fields.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The results presented in this inventory may be used directly as a proxy to reflect the situation of neighbouring European countries, where fertilization rates are similar to those presented in this study.

    “Moreover, the results presented in this inventory may be used directly as a proxy to reflect the situation of neighbouring European countries, where fertilization rates are similar to those presented in this study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Yields of perennial crops may increase as insight is gained on the optimal management practices for these crops.

    “and yields of perennial crops may increase as insight is gained on the optimal management practices for these crops.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    In reality, the below-ground input may be much less dependent on above-ground biomass, and this would lead to an overestimation of the below-ground carbon input in the present study.

    “In reality, the below-ground input may be much less dependent on above-ground biomass (Chirinda et al., 2012), and this would lead to an overestimation of the below-ground carbon input in the present study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chirinda et al., 2012

      Not checked in the free run.

    • The authors state this as an assumption: The approach used for modelling belowground residues assumes a fixed ratio between above- and below-ground biomass.
36 of 36

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The N demand of the crops is fulfilled by 50% mineral fertilizers and 50% animal manure, further divided into 50% fattening pig slurry and 50% dairy cattle slurry.

    “Based on the statistics presented by Nielsen et al. (2009) on the N applied to Danish soils from 1990 to 2007, it is assumed that the N demand of the crops is fulfilled by 50% mineral fertilizers and 50% animal manure (further divided into 50% fattening pig slurry, and 50% dairy cattle slurry, as described in Appendix S2).”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    When the P and K balance is not fulfilled by slurry, mineral fertilizers are applied to fully fulfil crop requirements.

    “However, when the balance is not fulfilled, it is assumed that mineral fertilizers are applied to fully fulfil crop requirements.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    NO emissions represent total NOx.

    “Therefore, the emissions of NO are assumed to represent total NO x .”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    N2O emissions are proportional to the N content of the source material for N2O emissions.

    “Based on this methodology, N 2 O emissions are assumed to be proportional to the N content of the source material for N 2 O emissions.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The portion of C input to the soil that does not enter the soil C pool over the time horizon considered is lost as a CO2-C emission to the atmosphere.

    “The portion of the C input to the soil (i.e. from manure, straw/tops and non-harvestable residues) that does not enter the soil C pool over the time horizon considered is assumed to be lost as a CO 2 -C emission to the atmosphere.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    All losses of native soil C are transferred to the atmosphere as CO2-C.

    “Similarly, all losses of native soil C are assumed to be transferred to the atmosphere as CO 2 -C.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Nitrate leaching for willow is the same as for Miscanthus.

    “Nitrate leaching for willow was estimated to be the same as for Miscanthus.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The reduction in soil C turnover rate under no-tillage is between 0% and 50%.

    “Based on these considerations, the reduction in soil C turnover rate under no-tillage is probably somewhere between 0% and 50%.”
    “Given the large importance of this assumption on the soil C changes (Fig. 2c), the use of three different turnover rates for perennial crops in this LCI is therefore very relevant.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The approach used for modelling belowground residues assumes a fixed ratio between above- and below-ground biomass.

    “the approach used in this study for modelling belowground residues assumed a fixed ratio between aboveand below-ground biomass.”
9 of 9

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Not only yield but harvest management, such as removal of residues in Miscanthus, would affect SOC through the input rate of surface litter.

    “Figure 5a clearly implies that not only yield but harvest management (e.g. removal of residues in Miscanthus) would affect SOC through the input rate of surface litter which is an important input of ecosystem models [151, 168] and LCA for energy crops [177].”

    From Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out? (2015) · cites this paper as [177]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 19

  1. Danish Commission on Climate Change Policy, 2010, Green Energy – the Road to a Danish Energy System Without Fossil Fuels
  2. Edwards R, 2008, Biofuels in the European Context: Facts and Uncertainties
  3. EMEP‐EEA, 2009, 4.D Crop Production and Agricultural Soils. EMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook 2009
  4. FAO, 2003, Food Energy – Methods of Analysis and Conversion Factors
  5. Graham JA, 1997, Nitrogen Oxides
  6. Hansen MN, 2008, Emission Factors for Calculation of Ammonia Volatilization by Storage and Application of Animal Manure
  7. Hauschild M, 2005, Spatial Differentiation in Life Cycle Impact Assessment – The EDIP 2003 Methodology
  8. IPCC, 2006, 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. Prepared by National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme
  9. Jungbluth N, 2007, Life cycle inventory of bioenergy
  10. Jungkunst HF, 2005, N2O from Agriculture, 48
  11. Kristensen K, 2008, Reestimation and Further Development in the Model N‐LES
  12. Mikkelsen Hjorth M, 2006, Emission of Ammonia, Nitrous Oxide and Methane from Danish Agriculture 1985–2002
  13. Møller J, 2000, Fodermiddeltabel. Sammensætning og foderværdi af fodermidler til kvæg
  14. Nemecek T, 2007, Life cycle inventory of agricultural production systems
  15. Olesen JE, 2001, Kvantificering af tre tiltag til reduktion af landbrugets emission af drivhusgasser
  16. Petersen BM, 2010, A Model for the Carbon Dynamics in Agricultural, Mineral Soils
  17. Petersen BM, 2010, Consequences of Straw Removal for Soil Carbon Sequestration of Agricultural Fields. Using Soil Carbon in a Time Frame Perspective
  18. Potting J, 2005, Background for Spatial Differentiation in LCA Impact Assessment – the EDIP 2003 Methodology
  19. Stranddorf HK, 2005, Update on Impact Categories, Normalisation and Weighting in LCA – Selected EDIP97 –Data

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Hamelin, L., Jørgensen, U., Petersen, B. M., Olesen, J. E., & Wenzel, H.
Affiliations
  • University of Southern Denmark (DK)
  • Aarhus University (DK)
Corresponding author
Hamelin, Lorie
ORCID
Venue
GCB Bioenergy
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2012-05-15
Volume
4
Issue
6
Pages
889-907
ISSN
  • 1757-1693 (ISSN-L)
  • 1757-1707
DOI
10.1111/j.1757-1707.2012.01174.x
OpenAlex
W2132329975
Semantic Scholar
051fc25ab524db14f969569c479b9ffc82d78532
Cited by
77
References
53
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 3
FWCI
18.63
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • GCB Bioenergy (publishedVersion)
  • University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • The Danish Council for Strategic Research
  • Ministry of Food Agriculture and Fisheries
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Bioenergy crop production and management
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
Keywords
energy crops, land use change, carbon balance, nitrogen balance, Miscanthus, soil organic carbon, nitrogen emissions, straw removal, residue management, perennial crops, winter wheat, manure application, carbon sequestration

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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