Mechanism of diabetic neuropathy: Where are we now and where to go?
Open accessAbstract
Neuropathy is the most common complication of diabetes. As a consequence of longstanding hyperglycemia, a downstream metabolic cascade leads to peripheral nerve injury through an increased flux of the polyol pathway, enhanced advanced glycation end‐products formation, excessive release of cytokines, activation of protein kinase C and exaggerated oxidative stress, as well as other confounding factors. Although these metabolic aberrations are deemed as the main stream for the pathogenesis of diabetic microvascular complications, organ‐specific histological and biochemical characteristics constitute distinct mechanistic processes of neuropathy different from retinopathy or nephropathy. Extremely long axons originating in the small neuronal body are vulnerable on the most distal side as a result of malnutritional axonal support or environmental insults. Sparse vascular supply with impaired autoregulation is likely to cause hypoxic damage in the nerve. Such dual influences exerted by long‐term hyperglycemia are critical for peripheral nerve damage, resulting in distal‐predominant nerve fiber degeneration. More recently, cellular factors derived from the bone marrow also appear to have a strong impact on the development of peripheral nerve pathology. As evident from such complicated processes, inhibition of single metabolic factors might not be sufficient for the treatment of neuropathy, but a combination of several inhibitors might be a promising approach to overcome this serious disorder. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2010.00070.x, 2010)
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An estimated 50% of T2D patients develop diabetic neuropathy after 25 years of being diagnosed.
“Peripheral neuropathy is a common complication of T2D, and an estimated 50% of patients develop diabetic neuropathy after 25 years of being diagnosed.227,228”
From A review of current trends with type 2 diabetes epidemiology, aetiology, pathogenesis, treatments and future perspectives (2021) · cites this paper as [228]
Diabetic neuropathy may result from excessive levels of nutrients in circulation and impaired cardiovascular function.
“Neuropathy may result from excessive levels of nutrients in circulation (resulting in complications such as oxidative damage) and impaired cardiovascular function (resulting in complications such as hypoxia), discussed in detail elsewhere.228”
From A review of current trends with type 2 diabetes epidemiology, aetiology, pathogenesis, treatments and future perspectives (2021) · cites this paper as [228]
Peripheral neuropathy is a common complication of T2D.
“Peripheral neuropathy is a common complication of T2D, and an estimated 50% of patients develop diabetic neuropathy after 25 years of being diagnosed.227,228”
From A review of current trends with type 2 diabetes epidemiology, aetiology, pathogenesis, treatments and future perspectives (2021) · cites this paper as [228]
Kidney pathology can result from nerve and blood vessel damage in the kidney caused by the diabetic phenotype.
“Kidney pathology can result due to nerve and blood vessel damage in this organ caused by the diabetic phenotype.195,228,232”
From A review of current trends with type 2 diabetes epidemiology, aetiology, pathogenesis, treatments and future perspectives (2021) · cites this paper as [228]
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- [3]Pirart J. Diabetes mellitus and its degenerative complications: a prospective study of 4400 patients observed. Diabetes Care 1978; 1: 168– 188
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Reed, J., Bain, S., & Kanamarlapudi, V. (2021) · Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dmso.s319895 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
The impact of glycemic variability on diabetic peripheral neuropathy
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- Authors
- Yagihashi, S., Mizukami, H., & Sugimoto, K.
- Affiliations
- Hirosaki University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Yagihashi, Soroku
- Venue
- Journal of Diabetes Investigation
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-10-06
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 18-32
- ISSN
- 2040-1116 (ISSN-L)
- 2040-1124
- PMC
- PMC4008011
- OpenAlex
- W1600715668
- Cited by
- 488
- References
- 169
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 0.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Diabetes Investigation (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Aldose Reductase and Taurine
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Peripheral Neuropathies and Disorders
- Keywords
- diabetic neuropathy, pathogenesis, hyperglycemia, polyol pathway, advanced glycation end products, cytokines, protein kinase C, oxidative stress, peripheral nerve injury, bone marrow-derived cells, combination therapy
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