Graphic Design Education in the Era of Text‐to‐Image Generation: Transitioning to Contents Creator
Open accessAbstract
The advancement of generative artificial intelligence (AI) presents innovative opportunities and new challenges across various industries and academic fields. Particularly, recent advancements in generative AI, which can create images from text, are introducing new challenges in the field of graphic design education. This study discusses methods of graphic design education utilising generative AI, based on workshops conducted in the "Visual Culture and Contemporary Art" course in the first semester of 2023. Students utilised generative AI, such as Midjourney and DALL‐E, based on the "Technology Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCACK)" model, to create posters depicting European design history. Through the analysis of case studies and survey results, researchers confirmed that graphic design education in the era of generative AI requires different educational goals and methods from those of traditional education. Students require AI visual literacy skills to accurately convey images using suitable keywords. Additionally, it was discovered that preliminary design processes such as trend analysis and research have become more crucial. Additionally, educators should provide students with opportunities to derive creative keywords through graphic storytelling and present a vision as content creators who combine science, art, and technology. This research provides guidelines for the roles of graphic designers and the direction of visual design education in the era of generative AI.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Students require AI visual literacy, keyword precision, research competence, and content-creation judgement to use text-to-image tools productively.
“Graphic design education research on text-to-image generation shows that students require AI visual literacy, keyword precision, research competence, and content-creation judgement to use tools such as Midjourney and DALL-E productively in design courses (Hwang and Wu 2025).”
From A Study on the Role of Midjourney, A Generative Artificial Intelligence Tool, in Enhancing Student Creativity in Illustration Design Classes (2026) · cites this paper as Hwang and Wu 2025
In graphic design education, text-to-image workshops have supported historical design poster production and shifted attention toward AI visual literacy, keyword formulation, design research, trend analysis, and content-creator competence.
“In graphic design education, text-to-image workshops have supported historical design poster production and shifted attention toward AI visual literacy, keyword formulation, design research, trend analysis, and content-creator competence (Hwang and Wu 2025).”
From A Study on the Role of Midjourney, A Generative Artificial Intelligence Tool, in Enhancing Student Creativity in Illustration Design Classes (2026) · cites this paper as Hwang and Wu 2025
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Those Who Understand: Knowledge Growth in Teaching
SHULMAN, L. S. (1986) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x015002004 · Cited by 18,546 · see citing works
Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge: A Framework for Teacher Knowledge
Mishra, P., & Koehler, M. J. (2006) · Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9620.2006.00684.x · Cited by 12,604 · see citing works
Diffusion Models Beat GANs on Image Synthesis
Dhariwal, P., & Nichol, A. (2021) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2105.05233 · Cited by 3,362 · see citing works
Baidoo-Anu, D., & Owusu Ansah, L. (2023) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4337484 · Cited by 3,004 · see citing works
What is technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK)?
Koehler, M. J., Mishra, P., & Cain, W. (2013) · Journal of Education · doi:10.1177/002205741319300303 · Cited by 2,790 · see citing works
BAİDOO-ANU, D., & OWUSU ANSAH, L. (2023) · Journal of AI · doi:10.61969/jai.1337500 · Cited by 1,826 · see citing works
A Review of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Education from 2010 to 2020
Zhai, X., Chu, X., Chai, C. S., Jong, M. S. Y., Istenic, A., Spector, M., Liu, J.-B., Yuan, J., & Li, Y. (2021) · Complexity · doi:10.1155/2021/8812542 · Cited by 1,364 · see citing works
Generative AI and ChatGPT: applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration
Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., & Chen, L. (2023) · Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research · doi:10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 · Cited by 1,363 · see citing works
Examining Science Education in ChatGPT: An Exploratory Study of Generative Artificial Intelligence
Cooper, G. (2023) · Journal of Science Education and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10956-023-10039-y · Cited by 1,263 · see citing works
A Review on Generative Adversarial Networks: Algorithms, Theory, and Applications
Gui, J., Sun, Z., Wen, Y., Tao, D., & Ye, J. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering · doi:10.1109/tkde.2021.3130191 · Cited by 1,231 · see citing works
Art and the science of generative AI
Epstein, Z., Hertzmann, A., the Investigators of Human Creativity, Akten, M., Farid, H., Fjeld, J., Frank, M. R., Groh, M., Herman, L., Leach, N., et al. (2023) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adh4451 · Cited by 788 · see citing works
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT: A Framework for Applying Generative AI in Education
Su (苏嘉红), J., & Yang (杨伟鹏), W. (2023) · ECNU Review of Education · doi:10.1177/20965311231168423 · Cited by 625 · see citing works
Art, Creativity, and the Potential of Artificial Intelligence
Mazzone, M., & Elgammal, A. (2019) · Arts · doi:10.3390/arts8010026 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Handbook of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) for Educators
Herring, M. C., Koehler, M. J., Mishra, P., Rosenberg, J. M., & Teske, J. K. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315771328 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
The Design of Goal-Based Scenarios
Schank, R. C., Fano, A., Bell, B., & Jona, M. Y. (1994) · Journal of the Learning Sciences · doi:10.1207/s15327809jls0304_2 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
The Creativity of Text-to-Image Generation
Oppenlaender, J. (2022) · International Academic Mindtrek Conference (Mindtrek) · doi:10.1145/3569219.3569352 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Using artificial intelligence in craft education: crafting with text-to-image generative models
Vartiainen, H., & Tedre, M. (2023) · Digital Creativity · doi:10.1080/14626268.2023.2174557 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Identifying Science Teachers’ Perceptions of Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK)
Lin, T., Tsai, C., Chai, C. S., & Lee, M. (2012) · Journal of Science Education and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10956-012-9396-6 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
A Survey of Unsupervised Generative Models for Exploratory Data Analysis and Representation Learning
Abukmeil, M., Ferrari, S., Genovese, A., Piuri, V., & Scotti, F. (2021) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3450963 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Past, present, future: mapping the research in visual literacy
Brumberger, E. R. (2019) · Journal of Visual Literacy · doi:10.1080/1051144x.2019.1575043 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
The Education of a graphic designer
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43-5059 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
No more rules: graphic design and postmodernism
(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-5691 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence Effecting a Paradigm Shift in Drug Development
Rashid, M. B. M. A. (2020) · SLAS TECHNOLOGY · doi:10.1177/2472630320956931 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Fathoni, A. F. C. A. (2023) · E3S Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202342601102 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Matthews, B., Shannon, B., & Roxburgh, M. (2023) · International Journal of Art & Design Education · doi:10.1111/jade.12460 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Content creation or interpolation: AI generative digital art in the classroom
Hutson, J., & Lang, M. (2023) · Metaverse · doi:10.54517/m.v4i1.2158 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The Design Studio as Teaching/Learning Medium — A Process‐Based Approach
Öztürk, M. N., & Türkkan, E. E. (2006) · International Journal of Art & Design Education · doi:10.1111/j.1476-8070.2006.00472.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The Challenge of Integrating AI & Smart Technology in Design Education
McCardle, J. (2002) · International Journal of Technology and Design Education · doi:10.1023/a:1013089404168 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Scenario-based E-learning design
Iverson, K. M., & Colky, D. L. (2004) · Performance Improvement Journal · doi:10.1002/pfi.4140430105 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Valls, M. R. (2011) · International Journal of Art & Design Education · doi:10.1111/j.1476-8070.2011.01674.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Designing the Future: A Case Study on Human-AI Co-Innovation
Chen, J.-F., Ni, C.-C., Lin, P.-H., & Lin, R. (2024) · Creative Education · doi:10.4236/ce.2024.153028 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The Role of Artificial Intelligence for The Architectural Plan Design: Automation in Decision-making
Çelik, T. (2023) · International Conference on Machine Learning Technologies (ICMLT) · doi:10.1145/3589883.3589903 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Hwang, and Wu 14768070, 2025, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jade.12558, Wiley Online Library on [27/12/2025]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
- © 2025 The Author(s). International Journal of Art & Design Education published by National Society for Education in Art and Design and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Performance Improvement, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 16-22.
- Hwang, and Wu 14768070, 2025, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jade.12558, Wiley Online Library on [27/12/2025]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Yan, W., Liu, Y.-L., Mamaeva, V., Dong, F., Tao, G., Li, R., & Yang, H. (2026) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103117 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Hang, C. N., & Ho, S. (2025) · IEEE Integrated STEM Education Conference (ISEC) · doi:10.1109/isec64801.2025.11147254 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Petković, G., Preprotić, S. P., & Kozjan, A. (2025) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings15111862 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Shen, G., Wu, W., & Huang, W. (2025) · Journal of Innovation & Knowledge · doi:10.1016/j.jik.2025.100816 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ge, H., & Jae-Wook, S. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.106041 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Chen, H.-C., & Wong, L.-H. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18062718 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Abdulmajid, M., Alrashaidi, E., Alayar, M., & Alrashidi, N. (2025) · Quality Assurance in Education · doi:10.1108/qae-03-2025-0074 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zhou, S., Joneurairatana, E., Sirivesmas, V., & Jamuni, P. (2025) · Premier journal of science. · doi:10.70389/pjs.100151 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Musiienko, O. O. (2025) · Educational Dimension · doi:10.31812/ed.1112 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
An AI assisted pedagogical framework for improving beginner graphic design learning outcomes
Osei-Wusu, F., Asante, G., Yeboah, D., Muntaka, S. A., Charles, A., Sarfo, E. A., & Adotey, A. (2026) · Discover Education · doi:10.1007/s44217-026-01352-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Modelling information-communicative competence for AI-era designers
Musiienko, O. O. (2026) · CTE Workshop Proceedings · doi:10.55056/cte.1277 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Liu, M. (2025) · Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering · doi:10.1177/14727978251352135 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ratum (2025) · International Conference on Informatics, Multimedia, Cyber and Information System (ICIMCIS) · doi:10.1109/icimcis68501.2025.11327333 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Huang, Z., Zhao, J., & Fu, X. (2026) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence14040065 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ruan, Y., & Li, X. (2026) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym18050811 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Jalil, M. H., & Abdullah, J. (2026) · Discover Education · doi:10.1007/s44217-026-01796-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Meng, M., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1858187 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
He, S. (2026) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1002/jcal.70305
AI and Visual Art: A Concise Review and Perspectives of Senior Thai Artists on Its Impacts
Suwannik, W., & Daengsi, T. (2025) · IEEE Symposium on Computer Applications & Industrial Electronics (ISCAIE) · doi:10.1109/iscaie64985.2025.11081149
Liu, J., & Li, R. (2025) · IEEE World Conference on Applied Intelligence and Computing (AIC) · doi:10.1109/aic66080.2025.11212007
WIP: PicPrompt - A Novel Social Prompt Engineering Game Based Tool for Informal Learning in K-12
Ngo, J., Lim, P., Kopp, G., Beg, O. A., Movahed, S. V., & Kumar, P. (2025) · IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie63693.2025.11328282
Wang, W., Yang, Y., & Luan, Z. (2026) · Design for Augmented Humanity · doi:10.1177/29776481261427591
Wu, L., Liu, Q., Zhang, Y., Xu, H., Wang, L., & Huang, M. (2026) · International Journal of Educational Development · doi:10.63313/ijed.9047
AI as a Creative Catalyst Empowering Female Design Students from Concept to Prototype
Ahmed, S. (2026) · Studies in systems, decision and control · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-04378-8_66
Yechkalo, Y. V. (2026) · CTE Workshop Proceedings · doi:10.55056/cte.1278
The integration of generative AI on conceptual design in communication design
Chung, S. J., & Kim, S. Y. (2026) · International Journal of Design Creativity and Innovation · doi:10.1080/21650349.2026.2664427
AI-Empowered Digital Media Art: Transforming Creative Methods and Teaching Models
Xu, Y., & Bai, S. (2026) · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Digital Media Technology and Social Computing (ICAIDS) · doi:10.1145/3806262.3806278
A Semester with Generative AI Tools: University Students Lived Experiences and Insights
Jack, L., Cho, M.-H., Major, A. D. C., & Peruta, A. (2026) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/s11528-026-01191-4
AI-Augmented Multimodal Literacies
Chheang, S., Loch, S., Tep, P., & Huot, S. (2026) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-6986-0.ch007
Mao, L., Qi, M., & Zhou, Z. (2026) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3800645.3813017
Yapay zekânın grafik tasarım ve görsel iletişim tasarımında yaratıcılığı sınırlayan etkileri
Buçukoğlu, S. M. (2026) · Kayseri Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.51177/kayusosder.1699724
From manual to autonomous: a literature review of GenAI integration levels for design education
Mao, L., Qi, M., Ho, J. C. F., Bruyns, G., Lee, K.-P., & Zhou, Z. (2026) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2026.2680597
Wang, Z. (2026) · Systems and Soft Computing · doi:10.1016/j.sasc.2026.200543
Wei, J., Zhang, J., Lo, C., Liu, J., & Hu, J. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-29900-0_23
Alhomaidi, M. J. A. (2026) · Creative Education · doi:10.4236/ce.2026.177072
Reimagining Art Education: Teaching Drawing and Painting in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
Alhomaidi, M. J. A. (2026) · Art and Design Review · doi:10.4236/adr.2026.143010
Generative AI in Art and Design Education: A Systematic Review of Tools, Pedagogy, and Collaboration
Ning, H., Grigoryan, G., & Chen, Y. (2026) · International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering Management & Applied Science · doi:10.51583/ijltemas.2026.150600294
Beyond the Prompt: Rethinking Authorship and Originality in AI-Assisted Graphic Design
Mustafa, B., & Ibrahim, A. (2026) · American Journal of Art and Design · doi:10.11648/j.ajad.20261103.11
Yadan, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1940505
Lu, Y., Ding, D., & Zhang, J. (2026) · International Conference on Distance Education and Learning (ICDEL) · doi:10.1109/icdel70250.2026.11663695
Generative AI in Adult Online Learning: A Systematic Review of Current Research and Practice
Han, S., Han, J., Shin, J., & Liu, M. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-24819-0_14
Evren, F. B. (2026) · Art and Interpretation · doi:10.47571/sanatyorum.1823582
Mohamed, K. M. A. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1972794
Teng, J., & Cho, S. (2026) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2026.102389
Users Continuance Intention of Using Generative AI for Generating Graphic Designs
Poniman, R. M., Aribowo, A., Hery, Widjaja, A. E., & Haryani, C. A. (2026) · International Conference on Technology Innovation and Its Applications (ICTIIA) · doi:10.1109/ictiia70925.2026.11716783
Han, L., & Zhongqin, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1957097
- Authors
- Hwang, Y., & Wu, Y.
- Corresponding author
- Wu, Yi
- ORCID
- Hwang, Younjung
- Venue
- International Journal of Art & Design Education
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2025-01-10
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 239-253
- ISSN
- 1476-8062 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-8070
- OpenAlex
- W4406245655
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 13
- FWCI
- 102.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Art & Design Education (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design › Digital Media and Visual Art
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Artificial Intelligence in Education
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Visual Arts and Performing Arts › Art Education and Development
- Keywords
- graphic design education, generative AI, text-to-image generation, Midjourney, DALL-E, technological pedagogical content knowledge, content creation, design process, trend analysis, graphic narrative, visual culture
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
