The pivotal role of perceived emotional synchrony in the context of terrorism: challenges and lessons learned from the March 2016 attack in Belgium
Abstract
Abstract Since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack against the World Trade Center in New York City, terrorism has become one of the most distressing large‐scale societal threats. The March 22, 2016 terrorist attack in Brussels, the capital of Belgium undermined the collective sense of perceived security and social cohesion. The present research investigates Belgian civilians’ (N = 202) terrorist threat perception, personal emotions, and the role of perceived emotional synchrony in the construction of the perceived socioemotional climate in Belgium. The main purpose of the current study was to examine the role of perceived emotional synchrony emerging in collective gatherings as a regulatory mechanism improving the perceived socioemotional climate of the country. Additionally, the precise components (personal vs. collective) shaping the perceptions of terrorist threat were also examined. This study was conducted by a questionnaire during the collective gatherings in Brussels 1 week after the terrorist attack. The main results suggest that the terrorist threat has been perceived at the collective level rather than at the personal level. Furthermore, the perceived emotional synchrony with others mediated specifically the relationship between positive personal emotions and the perceived positive socioemotional climate in Belgium. Such findings point to the importance of considering the perceived emotional synchrony in order to provide a better understanding of lay people's psychosocial responses to terrorism and the subsequent construction of collective macro‐social phenomena in post‐terrorist contexts.
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Participation and specifically perceived emotional synchrony strengthen social integration, self-esteem, positive affect, and socially shared beliefs.
“Participation and specifically PES strengthened social integration, self-esteem, positive affect, and socially shared beliefs (Páez et al., 2015; Pelletier, 2018; Bouchat et al., 2020; Wlodarczyk et al., 2020, 2021; Zumeta et al., 2020; Kettner et al., 2021).”
From Emotional processes, collective behavior, and social movements: A meta-analytic review of collective effervescence outcomes during collective gatherings and demonstrations (2022) · cites this paper as Pelletier, 2018
One widely-used measure of collective effervescence consists of scales comprising from 5 to 18 items inspired by the concept of perceived emotional synchrony.
“One widely-used measure of CE consisted of scales comprising from 5 to 18 items inspired by the concept of PES described earlier in this article.”
From Emotional processes, collective behavior, and social movements: A meta-analytic review of collective effervescence outcomes during collective gatherings and demonstrations (2022) · cites this paper as Pelletier, 2018
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Pizarro, J. J., Zumeta, L. N., Bouchat, P., Włodarczyk, A., Rimé, B., Basabe, N., Amutio, A., & Páez, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.974683 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
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“…synchrony (temporary increases of perceived emotional fit during collective emotional events) for group outcomes (e.g., coping with adversities; Pelletier, 2018) and may further explain why moments of increased shared emotional experience bear such importance to the long-term resilience of…”
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“…on the topic showing the positive effects of participation in different kinds of gatherings (e.g., Bouchat et al., 2020; Carnes & Lickel, 2018; Göritz & Rennung, 2019; Hopkins et al., 2016; Liu & Tao, 2019; Pelletier, 2018; Pizarro et al., 2020; Van Kleef & Fischer, 2016; Wlodarczyk et al., 2020).”
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“Events like natural disasters or attacks can give rise to collective rituals such as demonstrations (Gasparre et al., 2010; Páez et al., 2005, 2013; Pelletier, 2018; Rimé et al., 2010) or, in the case of the pandemic, to rituals like collective clapping (Zlobina & Dávila, 2022).”
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“…synchrony2 fuels a series of positive psychosocial consequences, such as increases in collective identity, social cohesion, positive and self-transcendent emotions, adhesion to values, and prosocial beliefs (Hopkins et al., 2016; Pelletier, 2018; Bouchat et al., 2020; Wlodarczyk et al., 2020).”
BackgroundPelletier, P., & Fay, N. (2024) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x24000694
- Authors
- Pelletier, P.
- Affiliations
- Sorbonne Paris Cité (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Pelletier, Petra
- ORCID
- Pelletier, Petra
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-08
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 477-487
- ISSN
- 0021-9029 (ISSN-L)
- 1559-1816
- OpenAlex
- W2885218430
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 5.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- terrorism, collective emotions, feelings, perceived security, social cohesion
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