Emotion Elicits the Social Sharing of Emotion: Theory and Empirical Review

Rimé, Bernard

doi:10.1177/1754073908097189

Cited by 1,546Emotions and Moral BehaviorAttachment and Relationship DynamicsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

Emotion Elicits the Social Sharing of Emotion: Theory and Empirical Review

Rimé, Bernard·2009·Emotion Review

DOI 10.1177/1754073908097189

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Abstract

This review demonstrates that an individualist view of emotion and regulation is untenable. First, I question the plausibility of a developmental shift away from social interdependency in emotion regulation. Second, I show that there are multiple reasons for emotional experiences in adults to elicit a process of social sharing of emotion, and I review the supporting evidence. Third, I look at effects that emotion sharing entails at the interpersonal and at the collective levels. Fourth, I examine the contribution of emotional sharing to emotion regulation together with the relevant empirical evidence. Finally, the various functions that the social sharing of emotion fulfills are reviewed and the relevance of the social sharing of emotion for emotion scientists is discussed.

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Dunahoo, C. L., Hobfoll, S. E., Monnier, J., Hulsizer, M. R., & Johnson, R. J. (1998) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615809808248309 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
A study of behavioural response to an industrial disaster
Weisæth, L. (1989) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1989.tb05250.x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) and the Prevention of Work-Related Traumatic Stress among High Risk Occupational Groups
Mitchell, J. T., & Everly, G. S. (1995) · Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1034-9_16 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Effects of talking about a stressful event on arousal: Does what we talk about make a difference?
Mendolia, M., & Kleck, R. E. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.64.2.283 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
The Production of Comforting Messages: Social-Cognitive Foundations
Burleson, B. R. (1985) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x8543006 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The Archival Anatomy of a Disaster: Media Coverage and Community-Wide Health Effects of the Texas A&M Bonfire Tragedy
Gortner, E., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2003) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.22.5.580.22923 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Psychic Trauma: Return of Images After a Stress Film
Horowitz, M. J. (1969) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1969.01740170056008 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
The process in psychological debriefings
Dyregrov, A. (1997) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.2490100406 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Narrative Conjunctions of Caregiver and Child: A Comparative Perspective on Socialization through Stories
Miller, P. J., & MOORE, B. B. (1989) · Ethos · doi:10.1525/eth.1989.17.4.02a00020 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Effectiveness of psychological debriefing
Arendt, M. C. B. B., & Elklit, A. (2001) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00155.x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The selectivity of nonmaterial beliefs in interpreting life events
Pepitone, A., & Saffiotti, L. M. (1997) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(199701)27:1 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citation
Keeping Emotional Memories Secret
Finkenauer, C., & Rimé, B. (1998) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/135910539800300104 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Cognitive, Emotional, and Social Impacts of the September 11 Attacks: Group Differences in Memory for the Reception Context and the Determinants of Flashbulb Memory
Luminet, O., Curci, A., Marsh, E. J., Wessel, I., Constantin, T., Gençöz, F., & Yogo, M. (2004) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.3200/genp.131.3.197-224 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Effects of talking about a stressful event on arousal: Does what we talk about make a difference?
Mendolia, M., & Kleck, R. E. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.2.283 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Verbalization of Emotion in Chronic Pain Patients and their Psychological Adjustment
Herbette, G., & Rimé, B. (2004) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105304045378 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cultural Variations in Social Sharing of Emotions
Singh‐Manoux, A., & Finkenauer, C. (2001) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022101032006001 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Cognitive and social consequences of exposure to emotional narratives: Two studies on secondary social sharing of emotions
Curci, A., & Bellelli, G. (2004) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930341000347 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Talking facilitates cognitive-emotional processes of adaptation to an acute stressor.
Lepore, S., Ragan, J., & Jones, S. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.3.499 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Talking Versus Hearing About Holocaust Experiences
Shortt, J. W., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1992) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp1302_2 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The 'Why' of Man's Experience
B., M., & Cantril, H. (1951) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1419019 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Cognitive response to stress and experimental demand.
Horowitz, M. J., & Becker, S. S. (1971) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0031386 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Long-term flashbulb memory for learning of Princess Diana's death
Hornstein, S. L., Brown, A., & Mulligan, N. W. (2003) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210244000063 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Steroid hormones and human breast cancer.An hypothesis
Adams, J. B. (1977) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(197707)40:1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Dreams, emotions, and social sharing of dreams
Curci, A., & Rimé, B. (2007) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930701274102 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cognitive Response to Erotic and Stressful Films
Horowitz, M. J. (1973) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1973.04200010058010 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Les motifs allégués du partage social et de la rumination mentale des émotions : comparaison des épisodes positifs et négatifs
Delfosse, C., Nils, F., Lasserre, S., & Rimé, B. (2004) · Les cahiers internationaux de psychologie sociale · doi:10.3917/cips.064.0035 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citation
Emotional fascination: Responses to viewing pictures of September 11 attacks
Rimé, B., Delfosse, C., & Corsini, S. (2005) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930541000039 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation
The "Why" of Man's Experience
Sieber, S. A., & Cantril, H. (1951) · The American Catholic Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/3707436 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-regulation of behaviour
(BCIO), B. C. I. O. (2022) · Definitions · doi:10.32388/p2nx53 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The effects of the communication of emotional experiences
Zech, E. (2000) · Digital Access to Libraries (Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), l'Université de Namur (UNamur) and the Université Saint-Louis (USL-B)) · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Conséquences psychologiques des massacres de 1994 au Rwanda
Sydor, G., & Philippot, P. (2007) · Santé mentale au Québec · doi:10.7202/032389ar · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Review of the book Cultural variations in emotions : A comparative study of Dutch, Surinamese and Turkish people in the Netherlands, B. Gomes de Mesquita, 1993
van de Vijver, F. J. R. (1995) · Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Psychological and Interactional Dimensions of Communicative Development
O’Keefe, B. J., & Delia, J. G. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429436178-3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
When collective memories are socially shaped : flashbulb memories of socio-political events
Finkenauer, C., Gisle, L., & Luminet, O. (1997) · DIAL (Catholic University of Leuven) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Speech and gestures.
Rimé, B., & Schiaratura, L. (1991) · HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
Social sharing of emotion or suppression of social sharing after a traumatic experience? Conflicting proclivities co-occur in PTSD victims of the Ghislenghien disaster
Zech, E., Rimé, B., Soir, E. D., Versporten, A., & Oyen, H. J. V. (2008) · DIAL (Catholic University of Leuven) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response
Bavel, J. J. V., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., Crockett, M. J., Crum, A. J., Douglas, K. M., Druckman, J. N., et al. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z · Cited by 4,964 · see citing works
Emotions and Information Diffusion in Social Media—Sentiment of Microblogs and Sharing Behavior
Stieglitz, S., & Dang-Xuan, L. (2013) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.2753/mis0742-1222290408 · Cited by 1,604 · see citing works
“, [31, 47, 56, 58]).”
Word of mouth and interpersonal communication: A review and directions for future research
Berger, J. (2014) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2014.05.002 · Cited by 1,469 · see citing works
“(1) Seeking advice One way word of mouth seems to facilitate information acquisition is by helping consumers seek advice (Dichter, 1966; Hennig-Thurau et al., 2004; Rimé, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluential
Interpersonal emotion regulation.
Zaki, J., & Williams, W. C. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0033839 · Cited by 988 · see citing works
“In fact, social sharing ranks among the most prevalent responses to emotional events, regardless of whether those events are positive or traumatic (Gable & Reis, 2010; Stiles, 1987), consequential or trivial (Reis et al., 2010), and measured retrospectively or induced experimentally (Rimé, 2009).”
Background
The Future of Emotion Regulation Research: Capturing Context
Aldao, A. (2013) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691612459518 · Cited by 948 · see citing works
“From a crying toddler seeking a parent’s hug to an adult requesting advice from a friend, people constantly rely on others for the regulation of their affective states (e.g., Coan, Schaefer, & Davidson, 2006; Lakey & Orehek, 2011; Marroquín, 2011; Rime, 2009).”
Background
Empathy: A motivated account.
Zaki, J. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0037679 · Cited by 852 · see citing works
“Targets often misrepresent their emotions in accordance with social display rules (Ansfield, 2007; Ekman & Friesen, 1969, 1982) or emphasize the intensity of their emotions to draw support from others (Gable & Reis, 2010; Rimé, 2009).”
Background
Unpacking the black box: How to promote citizen engagement through government social media during the COVID-19 crisis
Chen, Q., Min, C., Zhang, W., Wang, G., Ma, X., & Evans, R. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106380 · Cited by 652 · see citing works
“Emotion will trigger the social sharing of emotion: individuals will openly talk about the specific environment where the emotional event occurred and their own feelings and emotional response with others, or they will share their own emotions by way of letters, journals and other indirect methods (Rim�e, 2009).”
Influential
Arousal Increases Social Transmission of Information
Berger, J. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611413294 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
The regulation of negative and positive affect in daily life.
Brans, K., Koval, P., Verduyn, P., Lim, Y. L., & Kuppens, P. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0032400 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
Sharing the small moments: ephemeral social interaction on Snapchat
Bayer, J., Ellison, N. B., Schoenebeck, S. Y., & Falk, E. B. (2015) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2015.1084349 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
“When individuals have more positive emotional valence (Cunningham, 1988) or higher emotional arousal (Berger, 2011), they are more likely to interact and share with others (Rime, 2009).”
Background
Positive interventions: An emotion regulation perspective.
Quoidbach, J., Mikolajczak, M., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0038648 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
“Social sharing is one of the most commonly applied response modulation strategies (see Rimé, 2009, for a review).”
Method
A conceptual framework for the neurobiological study of resilience
Kalisch, R., Müller, M. B., & Tüscher, O. (2015) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x1400082x · Cited by 669 · see citing works
Integrating emotion regulation and emotional intelligence traditions: a meta-analysis
Sarrionandia, A., Mikolajczak, M., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00160 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Consumer response to corporate irresponsible behavior: Moral emotions and virtues
Grappi, S., Romani, S., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2013) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.02.002 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
“A form of social sharing of emotions with others, negative word of mouth has been the object of research in social psychology (e.g., Rimé, 2009; Wetzer, Zelenberg and Pieters, 2007) but has not been investigated systematically as a response to corporate irresponsibility.”
Background
Social Media and Well-Being: Pitfalls, Progress, and Next Steps
Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Sheppes, G., Costello, C. K., Jonides, J., & Ybarra, O. (2021) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2020.10.005 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
“Sharing Emotions Decades of research indicate that when we experience strong positive and negative emotions, we are intensely motivated to share them [74].”
Background
Synchrony in Psychotherapy: A Review and an Integrative Framework for the Therapeutic Alliance
Koole, S. L., & Tschacher, W. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00862 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
“For instance, the widely used Working Alliance Scale has items such as “[My therapist] and I understand each other” and “We agree on what is important for me to work on” (Horvath and Greenberg, 1989).”
BackgroundMethod
Good news! Capitalizing on positive events in an interpersonal context
Gable, S. L., & Reis, H. T. (2010) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(10)42004-3 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
“Consistent with this idea, according to friendship norms, friends should share in each other’s joys and sorrows (Argyle & Henderson, 1984; Reis, 1990; Rimé, 2009).”
Background
Psychosocial effects of perceived emotional synchrony in collective gatherings.
Páez, D., Rimé, B., Basabe, N., Włodarczyk, A., & Zumeta, L. N. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000014 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Self-citation
Understanding Social Media Disclosures of Sexual Abuse Through the Lenses of Support Seeking and Anonymity
Andalibi, N., Haimson, O. L., De Choudhury, M., & Forte, A. (2016) · Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2858036.2858096 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
“Although negative emotions are generally difficult to express, some, such as shame, are still harder [56], as reflected by the 27% prevalence in Table 1.”
Background
Interpersonal emotion regulation: Implications for affiliation, perceived support, relationships, and well-being.
Williams, W. C., Morelli, S. A., Ong, D. C., & Zaki, J. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000132 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework
Hobson, N. M., Schroeder, J., Risen, J. L., Xygalatas, D., & Inzlicht, M. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868317734944 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
“…2014; Hopkins et al., 2015; Konvalinka et al., 2011; Páez et al., 2015; Xygalatas, 2014), and that these experiences lead to increased affiliation (Fischer et al., 2014; Páez et al., 2007; Rimé, 2007, 2009; Rimé, Paez, Basabe, & Martínez, 2010; Swann, Jetten, Gomez, Whitehouse, & Bastian, 2012).”
Affective Events and the Development of Leader-Member Exchange
Cropanzano, R., Dasborough, M. T., & Weiss, H. M. (2016) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2014.0384 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Interpersonal emotion regulation as a mechanism of social support in depression
Marroquín, B. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.09.005 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
The influence of context on the implementation of adaptive emotion regulation strategies
Aldao, A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.04.004 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Social media and the formation of organizational reputation
Etter, M., Ravasi, D., & Colleoni, E. (2019) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2014.0280 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
“…disgust, or surprise, is shared more often than less arousing content – both online and offline (Heath, Bell, & Sternberg, 2001; Dobele et al., 2007; Rime, 2009), because emotional arousal mobilizes an excitatory state (Heilman, 1997) that pushes individuals to share news or information with…”
Background
Sensitive Self-disclosures, Responses, and Social Support on Instagram
Andalibi, N., Ozturk, P., & Forte, A. (2017) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/2998181.2998243 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
“Rimé [64] suggests that the theory of social representations implies”
BackgroundInfluential
Media use and acute psychological outcomes during COVID-19 outbreak in China
Chao, M., Xue, D., Liu, T., Yang, H., & Hall, B. J. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102248 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
“Audiences exposed to these messages are in turn expected to experience and share their own emotional responses (Rimé, 2009).”
A Socio‐interpersonal Perspective on PTSD: The Case for Environments and Interpersonal Processes
Maercker, A., & Horn, A. B. (2013) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1805 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
“This impressively illustrates that the tendency to share emotional experiences is highly prevalent (Rimé, 2009).”
Background
Towards a Theory of Collective Emotions
von Scheve, C., & Ismer, S. (2013) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073913484170 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
“Such normative orders are reinforced by culture-specific practices of the verbal communication of emotion and their social sharing (Rimé, 2009).”
Background
Cognitive approaches to emotions.
Oatley, K., & Johnson-Laird, P. (2014) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.12.004 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
To do, to have, or to share? Valuing experiences over material possessions depends on the involvement of others.
Caprariello, P. A., & Reis, H. T. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030953 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture
(2013) · Discourse approaches to politics, society and culture · doi:10.1075/dapsac · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Integrating Empathy and Interpersonal Emotion Regulation
Zaki, J. (2019) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050830 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
“When individuals experience strong affect, they gravitate toward others to express themselves and receive support (Rimé 2009).”
Background
Valuable virality
Akpinar, E., & Berger, J. (2017) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmr.13.0350 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
“More emotional news is more likely to make the most e-mailed list (Berger and Milkman 2012), and more emotional stories are more likely to be shared (Heath, Bell, and Sternberg 2001; Rimé 2009).”
Background
What Literature Teaches Us about Emotion
Hogan, P. C. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511976773 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Motivational processes and dysfunctional mechanisms of social media use among adolescents: a qualitative focus group study
Throuvala, M. A., Griffiths, M. D., Rennoldson, M., & Kuss, D. J. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.012 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
“…and appears in the literature, as achieved by asking for help (Zaki & Williams, 2013) or social sharing of emotion (Hidalgo, Tan, & Verlegh, 2015; Rimé, 2009), posting socially positive emotions or personally relevant emotions (Bazarova, Choi, Schwanda Sosik, Cosley, & Whitlock, 2015) or…”
Background
Beyond the myth of venting: Social sharing modes determine the benefits of emotional disclosure
Nils, F., & Rimé, B. (2012) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1880 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
“Recently, Rimé (2007, 2009) proposed a model aimed at specifying the conditions under which expressing an emotion is beneficial, as well as the type of benefits which can be expected from these conditions.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation
The Role of Moral Emotions in Military Trauma: Implications for the Study and Treatment of Moral Injury
Farnsworth, J. K., Drescher, K. D., Nieuwsma, J. A., Walser, R. D., & Currier, J. M. (2014) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000018 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
“In keeping with other categories of emotion, moral emotions are experienced and regulated within a context of social connection (Rimé, 2009).”
Background
Social sharing through interpersonal media: Patterns and effects on emotional well-being
Choi, M., & Toma, C. L. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.026 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
“The daily diary method has notable advantages, in that it allows recording everyday events of various emotional intensities, and eliminates retrospective biases (Rimé, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluential
Intrapersonal, interpersonal, and social outcomes of the social sharing of emotion
Rimé, B., Bouchat, P., Paquot, L., & Giglio, L. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.08.024 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
“The specific interpersonal dynamic that develops in the social sharing of emotion [3 ,60] lends itself particularly well to the strengthening of relational links: when sharing an emotional experience, person A arouses interest and emotions in B; their reciprocal stimulation of emotion sets both partners on the same wa…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Collective Emotions and Social Resilience in the Digital Traces After a Terrorist Attack
García, D., & Rimé, B. (2019) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797619831964 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
“As sharing reboots emotions (Rimé, 2009), both the sharing source and the target experience further need to talk.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Negative online word-of-mouth: Behavioral indicator or emotional release?
Verhagen, T., Nauta, A., & Feldberg, F. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.01.043 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
“First, it adopts a sender-oriented perspective and uses the theory of social sharing (Rimé, 2009), selfperception theory (Bem, 1967) and cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger, 1957) to propose and empirically test interrelationships between emotions, negative O-WOM, and behavioral consequences .”
BackgroundMethod
Managing Impressions and Relationships on Facebook
Bazarova, N. N., Taft, J. G., Choi, Y. H., & Cosley, D. (2012) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x12456384 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
“For example, according to the theory of the social sharing of emotions (Rimé, 2007, 2009), a basic function of sharing emotions with others is to reexperience them.”
Background
Attracting Views and Going Viral: How Message Features and News-Sharing Channels Affect Health News Diffusion
Kim, H. S. (2015) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/jcom.12160 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
“The experience of emotional arousal tends to prompt social sharing of that emotion because emotion sharing has both intrapersonal and interpersonal benefits, such as sense-making of the emotional experience and establishment (or strengthening) of social bonds (Rimé, 2009).”
Background
Social Support, Reciprocity, and Anonymity in Responses to Sexual Abuse Disclosures on Social Media
Andalibi, N., Haimson, O. L., Choudhury, M. D., & Forte, A. (2018) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3234942 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
“illness diagnosis), they may find it difficult to use these platforms to talk about such experiences and feelings associated with them, or seek support; yet the need to disclose these experiences often remains [91].”
Background
How Language Shapes Word of Mouth's Impact
Packard, G. M., & Berger, J. A. (2016) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmr.15.0248 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
“Expressing positive emotion (“I really liked it!”) might help a consumer who just returned from a great ski trip make sense of the experience (Rimé 2009), making implicit endorsement more likely while the trip is still vivid.”
Background
Which online reviews do consumers find most helpful? A multi-method investigation
Eslami, S. P., Ghasemaghaei, M., & Hassanein, K. (2018) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2018.06.012 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Relations between emotion regulation strategies and affect in daily life: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies using ecological momentary assessments
Boemo, T., Nieto, I., Vazquez, C., & Sanchez-Lopez, A. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104747 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
“In some studies, strategies like emotion expression (Cameron and Overall, 2008), or social support seeking (Carver et al., 1989; Rimé, 2009) have been related to various psychopathologies (e.g. Kahn and Garrison, 2009; Davies et al., 2010) and with general negative affect (Frattaroli, 2006;…”
Do social networking sites influence well-being? The extended active–passive model
Verduyn, P., Gugushvili, N., & Kross, E. (2022) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09637214211053637 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
“Research on social sharing of emotions indicates that feelings of connectedness depend on partners expressing concern for and interest in one another (Rimé, 2009), and research on self-disclosure reveals that people feel a stronger sense of connection when their partners reciprocate by sharing information themselves (…”
Background
The digital expansion of the mind: Implications of internet usage for memory and cognition.
Marsh, E. J., & Rajaram, S. (2019) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2018.11.001 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
#BlackEmployeesMatter: Mega-Threats, Identity Fusion, and Enacting Positive Deviance in Organizations
Leigh, A., & Melwani, S. (2019) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2017.0127 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
“For example, an online video of the shooting of a Black teen by police is likely to set off a social sharing chain reaction among Black people, wherein every round of sharing reactivates the felt emotion within the group (Rimé, 2009) and cascades into a group-level shared emotion.”
BackgroundInfluential
Announcing Pregnancy Loss on Facebook
Andalibi, N., & Forte, A. (2018) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3173574.3173732 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“In particular, when people experience shame and guilt—feelings associated with pregnancy loss [47]—or traumatic life events, emotional disclosure is restrained [67].”
Background
Why We Hate
Fischer, A. H., Halperin, E., Canetti, D., & Jasini, A. (2018) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073917751229 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“According to Rimé (2009), the extent of sharing one’s emotions is influenced by the intensity of the emotional experience, and the primary targets of sharing generally are close family members and friends.”
Background
An upward spiral: Bidirectional associations between positive affect and positive aspects of close relationships across the life span
Ramsey, M. A., & Gentzler, A. L. (2015) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2015.01.003 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
“Additionally in adulthood, expressing negative emotions to close others serves a necessary function within relationships and is sometimes associated with positive outcomes (e.g., Graham, Huang, Clark, & Helgeson, 2008; Rimé, 2009).”
Background
Social Sharing of Emotions on Facebook
Bazarova, N. N., Choi, Y. H., Sosik, V. S., Cosley, D., & Whitlock, J. L. (2015) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/2675133.2675297 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
“Across age, gender, personality type, and culture, people share emotions with others in over 80% of all emotional episodes (see for review, [41, 42]).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Social sharing of consumption emotion in electronic word of mouth (eWOM): A cross-media perspective
Liu, H., Jayawardhena, C., Osburg, V., Yoganathan, V., & Cartwright, S. (2021) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.030 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Looking at Emotion Regulation Through the Window of Emotion Dynamics
Kuppens, P., & Verduyn, P. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.960505 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
“Rim e (2009) provided a compelling example illustrating this: Once a cheetah has caught an antelope and carries it away, the surviving antelopes do not show sustained fear but return to eating grass instead.”
Background
Suppression and expression as distinct emotion-regulation processes in daily interactions: Longitudinal and meta-analyses.
Cameron, L. D., & Overall, N. C. (2017) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000334 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Group Emotions: Cutting the Gordian Knots Concerning Terms, Levels of Analysis, and Processes
Menges, J. I., & Kilduff, M. J. (2015) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/19416520.2015.1033148 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Selection and Transmission Processes for Information in the Emerging Media Environment: Psychological Motives and Message Characteristics
Cappella, J. N., Kim, H. S., & Albarracín, D. (2014) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2014.941112 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“Emotional arousal triggers social sharing of the emotion, thereby making emotionally arousing messages widely circulated through social networks (Christophe & Rimé, 1997; Harber & Cohen, 2005; Rimé, 2009).”
Background
AN INVESTIGATION OF INFLUENTIALS AND THE ROLE OF SENTIMENT IN POLITICAL COMMUNICATION ON TWITTER DURING ELECTION PERIODS
Dang-Xuan, L., Stieglitz, S., Wladarsch, J., & Neuberger, C. (2013) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2013.783608 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
“A higher level of cognitive involvement may, in turn, lead to a higher likelihood of behavioral response to emotional stimuli in terms information sharing (e.g. Heath 1996; Luminet et al. 2000; Peters et al. 2009; Rimé 2009).”
Background
Emotion and regulation are one!
Kappas, A. (2011) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073910380971 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“More recently, Rimé (2009) emphasized that in discussions on emotion regulation there is a tendency to focus too much, if not exclusively, on the individual and her means of dealing with a situation in the sense of a Lone Ranger hypothesis (Dunahoo, Hobfoll, Monnier, Hulsizer, & Johnson, 1998) and…”
Background
Emotional collectives: How groups shape emotions and emotions shape groups
Kleef, G. A. V., & Fischer, A. H. (2015) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2015.1081349 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“Besides the fact that some emotions may be more likely to be shared than others (Rimé, 2009), some emotions may be more readily “caught” by the members of a group than others. Delvaux, Meeussen, and Mesquita (2015) examined this possibility in two longitudinal studies of emotional contagion in interactive task groups.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Psychosocial functions of social media usage in a disaster situation: A multi-methodological approach
Neubaum, G., Rösner, L., Pütten, A. M. R.-V. D., & Krämer, N. C. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.021 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Negative emotional experiences arouse rumination and affect working memory capacity.
Curci, A., Lanciano, T., Soleti, E., & Rimé, B. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0032492 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citation
Emotional disclosure on social networking sites: The role of network structure and psychological needs
Lin, H. Y., Tov, W., & Qiu, L. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.09.045 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“…is self-rewarding (Csibra & Gergely, 2011; Tamir & Mitchell, 2012; Tomasello, 2009), the theory of social sharing of emotion suggests that it can also stimulate social interaction and improve interpersonal connection (Laurenceau et al., 1998; Moscovici, 1984; Rimé, 2009; Rimé et al., 1991, 1998).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Social sharing of emotion, post‐traumatic growth, and emotional climate: Follow‐up of Spanish citizen's response to the collective trauma of March 11th terrorist attacks in Madrid
Rimé, B., Páez, D., Basabe, N., & Martínez‐Sánchez, F. (2009) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.700 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Self-citation
The cultural psychology of emotion.
Mesquita, B., & Leu, J. (2007) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 157 · see citing works
A realist informed mixed-methods evaluation of Schwartz Center Rounds® in England
Maben, J., Taylor, C., Dawson, J., Leamy, M. C., McCarthy, I., Reynolds, E., Ross, S., Shuldham, C. M., Bennett, L., & Foot, C. (2018) · Health Services and Delivery Research · doi:10.3310/hsdr06370 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
The relation between event processing and the duration of emotional experience.
Verduyn, P., Mechelen, I. V., & Tuerlinckx, F. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0021239 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
“One may further conjecture (Rimé, 2009) that the partner(s) in a social sharing endeavor will often not stimulate a cognitive reframing of the eliciting event but rather will provide an opportunity to vent the emotional experience.”
Background
The Role of “Active Listening” in Informal Helping Conversations: Impact on Perceptions of Listener Helpfulness, Sensitivity, and Supportiveness and Discloser Emotional Improvement
Bodie, G. D., Vickery, A. J., Cannava, K. E., & Jones, S. M. (2015) · Western Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/10570314.2014.943429 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“Disclosure of stress is a normative and important coping resource (Rimé, 2009).”
Background
How and Why Conversational Value Leads to Happiness for Experiential and Material Purchases
Bastos, W., & Brucks, M. L. (2017) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucx054 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Interpersonal Emotion Regulation in the Workplace: A Conceptual and Operational Review and Future Research Agenda
Troth, A. C., Lawrence, S. A., Jordan, P. J., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2017) · International Journal of Management Reviews · doi:10.1111/ijmr.12144 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“Another, less common, approach to interpersonal ER (as depicted in Table 1) is to consider how intrinsic and extrinsic ER processes might co-occur within a relationship (e.g. Campos et al. 2011; Rimé 2007, 2009; Zaki and Williams 2013), a truly interpersonal-level approach.”
Finding love in algorithms: deciphering the emotional contexts of close encounters with AI chatbots
Li, H. Z., & Zhang, R. (2024) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmae015 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Finding Love in Algorithms: Deciphering the Emotional Contexts of Close Encounters with AI Chatbots
Li, H., & Zhang, R. (2024) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/xd4k7 · Cited by 150
Levels of Valence
Shuman, V., Sander, D., & Scherer, K. R. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00261 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“The CPM (Scherer, 1984, 2001, 2009, 2010 proposes several appraisal criteria that are used to determine an event’s relevance and implications, the individual’s coping potential in the situation, and the normative signiﬁcanceof theevent.”
Together We Rise: How Social Movements Succeed
Nardini, G., Rank‐Christman, T., Bublitz, M. G., Cross, S. N. N., & Peracchio, L. A. (2020) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcpy.1201 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“I control my own emotions for the sake of the team”: Emotional self-regulation and interpersonal emotion regulation among female high-performance curlers
Tamminen, K. A., & Crocker, P. R. E. (2013) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.05.002 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Becoming who you are: An integrative review of self‐determination theory and personality systems interactions theory
Koole, S. L., Schlinkert, C., Maldei, T., & Baumann, N. (2018) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12380 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“, & Reeve, J. (2012). Longitudinal test of selfdetermination theory’s motivation mediation model in a naturally”
BackgroundInfluential
Sweet escape: The role of empathy in social media engagement with human versus virtual influencers
Mirowska, A., & Arsenyan, J. (2023) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2023.103008 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
The impact of Gacaca tribunals in Rwanda: Psychosocial effects of participation in a truth and reconciliation process after a genocide
Rimé, B., Kanyangara, P., Yzerbyt, V. Y., & Páez, D. (2011) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.822 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“The present message is totally consistent with the findings emerging from the research on the emotional expression between individuals ( Kennedy‐Moore & Watson , 1999 ; Rimé , 2009 ) .”
ResultSelf-citation
Customer Advocacy: A Distinctive Form of Word of Mouth
Sweeney, J., Payne, A., Frow, P., & Liu, D. (2020) · Journal of Service Research · doi:10.1177/1094670519900541 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
“…by a desire to demonstrate an aspired self to others, and it relates to persuasion of others (Petty, Wheeler, and Tormala 2003), social sharing of emotions (Rimé 2009), bonding with others (Rimé 2007), and seeking information to confirm an outside perspective (Fitzsimons and Lehmann 2004).”
Background
Interpersonal instrumental emotion regulation
Netzer, L., Kleef, G. A. V., & Tamir, M. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2015.01.006 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
“People are often motivated to make others feel better (Rimé, 2009; Zaki & Williams, 2013), and this is especially true in close relationships (Butler, 2011).”
Background
An integrative review of the enjoyment of sadness associated with music
Eerola, T., Vuoskoski, J. K., Peltola, H., Putkinen, V., & Schäfer, K. (2017) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2017.11.016 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
The Enhancing Versus Backfiring Effects of Positive Emotion in Consumer Reviews
Rocklage, M. D., & Fázio, R. H. (2020) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/0022243719892594 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Stories of injustice: Towards a narrative victimology
Pemberton, A., Mulder, E., & Aarten, P. G. M. (2019) · European Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/1477370818770843 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Emotion regulation and depressive symptoms: Close relationships as social context and influence.
Marroquín, B. M., & Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000034 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“Emotion dysregulation plays a central role in depression, and increasingly, there are reasons to believe that the cognitive and affective mechanisms that underlie ER are susceptible to social influences in adulthood (Rimé, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluential
Anger and Prosocial Behavior
Doorn, J. V., Zeelenberg, M., & Breugelmans, S. M. (2014) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073914523794 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“Along similar lines, several studies have shown that anger makes people want to socially share their feelings (Rimé, 2009; Wetzer, Zeelenberg, & Pieters, 2007b).”
Result
Motives for the social sharing of an emotional experience
Duprez, C., Christophe, V., Rimé, B., Congard, A., & Antoine, P. (2014) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407514548393 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“Thus, related mental images are reexperienced, body sensations are felt, and subjective feelings are aroused (Rimé, 2009; Rimé, Noël, & Philippot, 1991).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Interpersonal Emotion Regulation: A Review of Social and Developmental Components
Barthel, A. L., Hay, A. C., Doan, S. N., & Hofmann, S. G. (2018) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2018.19 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“Furthermore, we have reviewed data on the positive effects of bonding and reduced distress in relationships (Lakey & Orehek, 2011; Lepore et al., 2004; Marroquín, 2011; Rimé, 2009).”
Background
Functional and emotional traits of corporate social media message strategies: Behavioral insights from S&P 500 Facebook data
Ji, Y. G., Chen, Z. F., Tao, W., & Li, Z. C. (2018) · Public Relations Review · doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2018.12.001 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Functions of remembering and misremembering emotion
Levine, L. J., Lench, H. C., & Safer, M. A. (2009) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1610 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“Emotional memories are passed along via parents, teachers, peers, and social, political, and religious groups through channels as varied as facial and vocal expression, deliberate instruction, gossip, news, music, and storytelling (Rimé, 2009).”
Oxytocin not only increases trust when money is at stake, but also when confidential information is in the balance
Mikolajczak, M., Pinon, N., Lane, A., de Timary, P., & Luminet, O. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.05.010 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“This would result in an increase in reciprocal trust (Rimé, 2009), which would in turn prompt OT release (Zak et al.”
Corpses, Maggots, Poodles and Rats: Emotional Selection Operating in Three Phases of Cultural Transmission of Urban Legends
Eriksson, K., & Coultas, J. C. (2014) · Journal of Cognition and Culture · doi:10.1163/15685373-12342107 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“Second, both positive and negative emotions may enhance social interactions by encouraging social sharing (reviewed by Rimé, 2009).”
The Dark Side of AI Companionship: A Taxonomy of Harmful Algorithmic Behaviors in Human-AI Relationships
Zhang, R., Li, H., Meng, H., Zhan, J., Gan, H., & Lee, Y.-C. (2025) · Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713429 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“While these excerpts do not capture the full spectrum of daily human-AI interactions, they offer valuable insights into the moments that users find meaningful, significant, or worth sharing, often those with relational or emotional significance [79].”
#Smiling, #venting, or both? Adolescents’ social sharing of emotions on social media
Vermeulen, A., Vandebosch, H., & Heirman, W. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.022 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“Interpersonally, SSE strengthens social bonding (Rimé, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluential
Positive words carry less information than negative words
García, D., Garas, A., & Schweitzer, F. (2012) · EPJ Data Science · doi:10.1140/epjds3 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“According to [45], the expression of positive emotions increases the level of communication and strengthens social links.”
Background
Beautiful friendship: Social sharing of emotions improves subjective feelings and activates the neural reward circuitry
Wagner, U., Galli, L., Schott, B. H., Wold, A., van der Schalk, J., Manstead, A. S. R., Scherer, K. R., & Walter, H. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu121 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
How long do floods throughout the millennium remain in the collective memory?
Fanta, V., Šálek, M., & Sklenička, P. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09102-3 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
The Human in Emotion Recognition on Social Media: Attitudes, Outcomes, Risks
Andalibi, N., & Buss, J. (2020) · International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376680 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“, finding support and community, improved wellbeing [10,57,93]), but involve privacy calculations and complex decision-making processes [7,9,16,100].”
Background

Authors: Rimé, B.
Affiliations: UCLouvain (BE)
Corresponding author: Rimé, Bernard
ORCID: Rimé, Bernard
Venue: Emotion Review
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2009-01
Volume: 1
Issue: 1
Pages: 60-85
ISSN: 1754-0739 (ISSN-L)
1754-0747
DOI: 10.1177/1754073908097189
OpenAlex: W2154480377
Cited by: 1,546
References: 160
Citations by year: 2026: 103 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 129 · 2023: 113 · 2022: 112 · 2021: 131 · 2020: 118 · 2019: 123 · 2018: 105 · 2017: 76 · 2016: 76 · 2015: 69 · 2014: 144 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 33
FWCI: 36.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Emotion Review (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: emotional sharing, emotion regulation, individualism, social interdependencies, interpersonal effects, collective emotions

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Emotion Elicits the Social Sharing of Emotion: Theory and Empirical Review

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