Periodontal bacterial invasion and infection: contribution to atherosclerotic pathology
Open accessAbstract
Objective: The objective of this review was to perform a systematic evaluation of the literature reporting current scientific evidence for periodontal bacteria as contributors to atherosclerosis. Methods: Literature from epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies concerning periodontal bacteria and atherosclerosis were reviewed. Gathered data were categorized into seven “proofs” of evidence that periodontal bacteria: 1) disseminate from the oral cavity and reach systemic vascular tissues; 2) can be found in the affected tissues; 3) live within the affected site; 4) invade affected cell types in vitro; 5) induce atherosclerosis in animal models of disease; 6) non‐invasive mutants of periodontal bacteria cause significantly reduced pathology in vitro and in vivo; and 7) periodontal isolates from human atheromas can cause disease in animal models of infection. Results: Substantial evidence for proofs 1 to 6 was found. However, proof 7 has not yet been fulfilled. Conclusions: Despite the lack of evidence that periodontal bacteria obtained from human atheromas can cause atherosclerosis in animal models of infection, attainment of proofs 1 to 6 provides support that periodontal pathogens can contribute to atherosclerosis.
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The migration of periodontal bacteria into the circulatory system (bacteremia) and higher levels of systemic inflammation caused by periodontitis have been proposed as mechanisms behind the link between periodontitis and CVDs.
“The migration of periodontal bacteria into the circulatory system (bacteremia) and the higher levels of systemic inflammation caused by periodontitis have been proposed as the mechanisms behind the link between periodontitis and CVDs [18, 19, 83].”
From Effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on risk markers of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [83]
Subjects with periodontitis experience frequent episodes of bacteremia, especially after dental prophylaxis, scaling, extraction of teeth, surgical extraction of third molars, and periodontal probing, in addition to daily life activities like brushing, flossing, and biting.
“Frequent episodes of bacteremia are experienced by subjects with periodontitis, especially after dental prophylaxis, scaling, extraction of teeth, surgical extraction of third molars, and periodontal probing, in addition to daily life activities like brushing, flossing, and biting [83].”
From Effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on risk markers of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [83]
In atherothrombotic tissues, periodontal inflammation and viable bacteria have been found.
“In atherothrombotic tissues, periodontal inflammation and viable bacteria have been found [18, 83, 84].”
From Effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on risk markers of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [83]
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Periodontitis: from microbial immune subversion to systemic inflammation
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Self-citationMechanisms underlying the association between periodontitis and atherosclerotic disease
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Functional Advantages of Porphyromonas gingivalis Vesicles
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“In atherothrombotic tissues, periodontal inflammation and viable bacteria have been found [18, 83, 84].”
BackgroundMahendra, J., Palathingal, P., Mahendra, L., Alzahrani, K. J., Banjer, H. J., Alsharif, K. F., Halawani, I. F., Muralidharan, J., Annamalai, P. T., Verma, S. S., et al. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11030451 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
- Authors
- Reyes, L., Herrera, D., Kozarov, E., Roldán, S., & Progulske‐Fox, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid (ES)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Progulske‐Fox, Ann
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Periodontology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-04
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- s14
- Pages
- S30-50
- ISSN
- 0303-6979 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-051X
- OpenAlex
- W3025638442
- Cited by
- 237
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 10
- FWCI
- 3.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal Of Clinical Periodontology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Colgate-Palmolive Company
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Infective Endocarditis Diagnosis and Management
- Keywords
- periodontal pathogens, atherosclerosis, periodontitis, oral-systemic relationship, bacterial dissemination, atherosclerotic plaque, animal models of infection, bacterial invasion of host cells
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bacteria, Humans, Periodontal Diseases, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Atherosclerosis
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