Association between periodontal disease and its treatment, flow-mediated dilatation and carotid intima-media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Abstract
Objective This meta-analysis sought to investigate the association between carotid intima-media thickness (c-IMT), flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and periodontitis (PD) and to assess the effect of periodontal treatment on c-IMT and FMD.Methods Electronic database searching, hand searching of bibliographic references of included papers, related reviews, and journals in relation to oral, cardiovascular and ultrasound imaging field was carried out. Random effects meta-analyses were performed to investigate the association of co-existence of increased c-IMT, impaired FMD and PD with potential changes in these variables following periodontal intervention.Results 2009 citations and 101 full text articles were screened, with 35 meeting the review inclusion criteria of which 22 suitable for quantitative analysis. Meta-analysis demonstrated that the diagnosis of PD was associated with a mean increase in c-IMT of 0.08 mm (95% C.I. = 0.07-0.09) and a mean difference in FMD of 5.1% compared to controls (95% C.I. = 2.08-8.11%). A meta-analysis of the effects of periodontal treatment on FMD showed a mean improvement of 6.64% between test and control (95% C.I. = 2.83-10.44%).Conclusions This review demonstrated an association between increased c-IMT, impaired FMD and PD. Data from intervention studies suggested a beneficial effect of periodontal treatment on FMD indicating an improvement in endothelial function. The findings support investigation of periodontitis treatment on cardiovascular outcomes.
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Patients with periodontitis often present with systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, which improves following successful periodontal treatment.
“These patients often present with systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, 22 which improves following successful periodontal treatment.23”
From Periodontitis is associated with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [23]
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Dentists' awareness about the link between oral and systemic health
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Oral Healthcare and Cardiovascular Disease
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Periodontal disease and risk of benign prostate hyperplasia: a cross-sectional study
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“Chronic periodontal inflammation contributes to the inflammatory burden of the individual and thereby affects general health (D'Aiuto et al., 2018; Orlandi et al., 2014; Tonetti et al., 2007).”
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The Epidemiologic and Clinical Findings of Patients with Buerger Disease
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Periodontitis and risk of prevalent and incident coronary heart disease events
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“Successful periodontal therapy has a number of beneficial effects on surrogate markers of CHD including the following: CRP (D'Aiuto et al., 2013; Paraskevas et al., 2008; Teeuw et al., 2014), endothelial function (Tonetti et al., 2007), and carotid intima-medial thickness (Orlandi et al., 2014).”
BackgroundCardiovascular Diseases and Periodontitis
Hansen, P. R., & Holmstrup, P. (2022) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-96881-6_14 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Anemia of inflammation associated with periodontitis: Analysis of two clinical studies
Nibali, L., Darbar, U. R., Rakmanee, T., & Donos, N. (2019) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.19-0124 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Erythritol Functional Roles in Oral-Systemic Health
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Periodontitis impacts on thrombotic diseases: from clinical aspect to future therapeutic approaches
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Flow-mediated dilatation to relieve puncture-induced radial artery spasm: A pilot study
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Reduced platelet hyper-reactivity and platelet-leukocyte aggregation after periodontal therapy
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Periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease: umbrella review
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“One SR [69] included reported that there was an association between PD and c–IMT/FMD.”
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Periodontal Disease Is Associated With Increased Risk of Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study
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Periodontal disease is associated with carotid plaque area: the Malmö Offspring Dental Study (MODS)
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Oral Microbiome and Preterm Birth: Correlation or Coincidence? A Narrative Review
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Left ventricular geometry and periodontitis in patients with the metabolic syndrome
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“In particular, indexes of arterial thickness and dysfunction (including c-IMT), increased left ventricular mass and blood pressure have been reported in patients with periodontitis [10, 11, 27].”
BackgroundLamprecht, R., Rimmele, D. L., Schnabel, R. B., Heydecke, G., Seedorf, U., Walther, C., Mayer, C., Struppek, J., Borof, K., Behrendt, C., et al. (2022) · Journal of Periodontal Research · doi:10.1111/jre.13021 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Bizzarro, S., van der Velden, U., Teeuw, W. J., Gerdes, V. E. A., & Loos, B. G. (2017) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.12763 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“, 2014), markers of blood pressure such as endothelial function, flow- mediated dilatation and arterial stiffness (Orlandi et al., 2014; Tonetti et al., 2007), and also an improvement in the lipid profiles (D’Aiuto et al.”
BackgroundMartínez-Herrera, M., López‐Domènech, S., Donat, F. J. S., Silvestre‐Rangil, J., Bañuls, C., Víctor, V. M., & Rocha, M. (2018) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.13027 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Although there have been recent reports of a significant connection between chronic periodontitis (CP) and endothelial dysfunction (Orlandi et al., 2014; Moura et al., 2017), to the best of our knowledge, no previous study has evaluated the association between oxidative stress and endothelial…”
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Association between periodontitis and pulse wave velocity: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Darnaud, C., Courtet, A., Schmitt, A., Boutouyrie, P., Bouchard, P., & Carra, M. C. (2021) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-020-03718-2 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Impact of anti‐infective periodontal therapy on parameters of vascular health
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Periodontal therapy increases neutrophil extracellular trap degradation
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The association between periodontitis and cardiovascular risks in asymptomatic healthy patients
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Effect of tooth loss and nutritional status on outcomes after ischemic stroke
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Effect of interleukin-1β on ghrelin receptor in periodontal cells
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Vascular Endothelial Function in Periodontal Disease: Role of Inflammation
Higashi, Y., & Taguchi, A. (2025) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.125.045720 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Arregocés, F. M. E., Rada, M. D. H., Martinez, M. J. S., Meza, F. J. H., Roa, N. S., Porras, J. V., & Uriza, C. L. (2021) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000024951 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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“Observational studies have shown that periodontal diseases are associated with FMD [10].”
BackgroundDing, L., You, Q., Jiang, Q., Cao, S., & Jiang, S. (2022) · Journal of Periodontal Research · doi:10.1111/jre.13006 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Association between subclinical atherosclerosis and oral inflammation: A cross‐sectional study
Papi, P., Pranno, N., Murro, B. D., Pompa, G., Polimeni, A., Letizia, C., Petramala, L., Concistrè, A., Aguilera, E. M., Orlandi, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.22-0026 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Different systematic reviews of observational studies 24,44 highlighted how patients with periodontitis exhibit higher c-IMT values, although the heterogeneity of definitions adopted for periodontitis and c-IMT measurements could have influenced the results of the included studies and, more…”
Chen, T., Lin, C., Chien, S., Chang, S., & Chen, C. (2017) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.26268 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“In addition to the earlier meta-analyses (Blaizot, Vergnes, Nuwwareh, Amar, & Sixou, 2009; Chistiakov, Orekhov, & Bobryshev, 2016; Orlandi et al., 2014; Sfyroeras, Roussas, Saleptsis, Argyriou, & Giannoukas, 2012), the evidence supporting the presence of live P. gingivalis or their secreted…”
ResultRegulation of Ghrelin Receptor by Periodontal Bacteria In Vitro and In Vivo
Nokhbehsaim, M., Damanaki, A., Nogueira, A. V. B., Eick, S., Beisel-Memmert, S., Zhou, X., Nanayakkara, S., Götz, W., Cirelli, J. A., Jäger, A., et al. (2017) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2017/4916971 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The link between periodontitis and erectile dysfunction: a review
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The Effects of Antimicrobial Mouthwashes on Systemic Disease: What Is the Evidence?
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Periodontitis and multiple markers of cardiometabolic risk in the fourth decade: A cohort study
Shearer, D. M., Thomson, W. M., Cameron, C., Ramrakha, S., Wilson, G., Wong, T. Y., Williams, M. J. A., McLean, R. M., Theodore, R. F., & Poulton, R. (2018) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/cdoe.12414 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Circumstantial evidence for a possible causal link between periodontal inflammation and endothelial dysfunction has arisen from cross‐sectional studies,(20,55) a review(56) and a meta‐analysis.(57) In addition, a number of RCTs have provided baseline data on impaired endothelial function in participants with periodont…”
Tong, C., Wang, Y., & Chang, Y. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16152635 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Studies have clearly demonstrated that CA was associated with CP by systematic review and meta-analysis [8,9].”
BackgroundNon-pharmacological Strategies Against Systemic Inflammation: Molecular Basis and Clinical Evidence
Pinto, R. D., Pietropaoli, D., Monaco, A., Desideri, G., Ferri, C., & Grassi, D. (2020) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612826666200403122600 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Effects of Obesity on Bone Healing in Rats
Damanaki, A., Beisel-Memmert, S., Nokhbehsaim, M., Abedi, A., Rath-Deschner, B., Nogueira, A. V. B., & Deschner, J. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222413339 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Aarabi, G., Raedel, M., Kreutzburg, T., Hischke, S., Debus, E. S., Marschall, U., Seedorf, U., & Behrendt, C. (2020) · VASA · doi:10.1024/0301-1526/a000846 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Green Tea from the Far East to the Drug Store: Focus on the Beneficial Cardiovascular Effects
Landini, L., Rebelos, E., & Honka, M. (2020) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612826666201102104902 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Could the periodontal therapy improve the cardiologic patient health? A narrative review
Bertoldi, C., Salvatori, R., Pinti, M., & Mattioli, A. V. (2024) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102699 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Shimizu, Y., Yamanashi, H., Kitamura, M., Miyata, J., Nonaka, F., Nakamichi, S., Saito, T., Nagata, Y., & Maeda, T. (2022) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.13755 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Fujitani, T., Aoyama, N., Hirata, F., & Minabe, M. (2020) · Clinical and Experimental Dental Research · doi:10.1002/cre2.312 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Previous reports have shown associations between endothelial function as judged using other methods and systemic inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, and periodontal disease (Amar et al., 2003; Kitta et al., 2009; Kusunose et al., 2016; Matsuzawa, Sugiyama, Sumida, et al., 2013; Moura et al., 2017; Orlandi et al., 2…”
BackgroundDo Childhood Infections Contribute to Adult Cardiometabolic Diseases?
Burgner, D. P., Liu, R., Wake, M. A., & Uiterwaal, C. S. P. M. (2015) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000000882 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“There is evidence that endotoxin and DNA from periodontal pathogens are present in atherosclerotic lesions,(32) and that interventions that aggressively treat periodontitis may reverse adverse inflammatory cardiovascular risk phenotypes.(33,34)”
Dewake, N., Ishioka, Y., Uchida, K., Taguchi, A., Higashi, Y., Yoshida, A., & Yoshinari, N. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9103365 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“They also described a beneficial effect of periodontal treatment on FMD, indicating an improvement in the endothelial function [13].”
BackgroundAssociations Among Tooth Loss, Periodontitis, and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness: the Nagahama Study
Fukuhara, S., Watanabe, T., Yamazaki, T., Yamanaka, S., Nakao, K., Asai, K., Kashiwagi, M., Yamazaki, A., Umebachi, C., Setoh, K., et al. (2023) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.63801 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Cross‐sectional association between oral health and retinal microcirculation
Samietz, S., Jürgens, C., Ittermann, T., Holtfreter, B., Pink, C., Schipf, S., Biffar, R., Völzke, H., Kocher, T., & Tost, F. (2018) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.12872 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Chronic periodontitis is associated with cardiovascular disease and has systemic effects on large vessels and endothelial function (Orlandi et al., 2014).”
BackgroundUriza, C. L., Roa, N. S., Porras, J. V., Poveda, J. C. V., Otero, L., Ruiz, Á. J., & Arregocés, F. M. E. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12071425 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Furthermore, Orlandi et al. (2014), in a systematic review and meta-analysis, evaluated the association between carotid IMT and periodontal disease, reporting that patients with periodontal disease had a higher average carotid IMT (0.08 mm) than those without periodontal disease [4].”
BackgroundInfluentialACE insertion/deletion polymorphism is associated with periodontal disease in Korean population
Kang, S. W., Han, S. Y., Lim, S. B., Cho, K. B., & Ban, J. Y. (2014) · Archives of Oral Biology · doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.12.003 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Association of periodontal disease with atherosclerosis in 70-year-old Japanese older adults
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Dental Calculus Links Statistically to Angina Pectoris: 26-Year Observational Study
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“[22,23] However, overall scientific evidence is still weak in this regard.”
BackgroundPeriodontal Disease and Cardiovascular Disease
Zeng, X., Li, N., Zhang, L., Rong, R., & Liu, M. (2017) · Heart and Mind · doi:10.4103/hm.hm_19_17 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“44%).[9] Another systematic review and meta-analysis based on 25 controlled periodontal intervention trials also revealed that periodontal treatment improved endothelial function and reduced biomarkers of atherosclerotic disease.”
BackgroundOral health complications in Brazilian and French diabetic older people: A comparative study
Lima, D. L. F., Saintrain, M. V. D. L., Neri, J. R., Beck, O., Malet, P., Moizan, J. A. H., & Doucet, J. (2019) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2019.103905 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Exploring the periodontal disease—ischemic stroke link
Sen, S., & Mascari, R. (2020) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.20-0138 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Orlandi, M., Suvan, J., Petrie, A., Donos, N., Masi, S., Hingorani, A., Deanfield, J., & D’Aiuto, F.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Great Ormond Street Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Orlandi, Marco
- ORCID
- Venue
- Atherosclerosis
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-09
- Volume
- 236
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 39-46
- ISSN
- 0021-9150 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1999544578
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 2.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Atherosclerosis (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (MR/K006584/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Dental Health and Care Utilization
- Keywords
- periodontitis, carotid intima-media thickness, flow-mediated dilation, periodontal treatment, endothelial function, cardiovascular risk, oral health and cardiovascular disease
- MeSH terms
- Brachial Artery, Carotid Artery Diseases, Cross-Sectional Studies, Disease Susceptibility, Endothelium, Vascular, Humans, Periodontal Diseases, Periodontitis, Vasodilation, Comorbidity, Causality, Case-Control Studies, Hemorheology, Disease Progression, Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic, Plaque, Atherosclerotic, Carotid Intima-Media Thickness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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