Periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases: Consensus report
Open accessAbstract
Background: In Europe cardiovascular disease (CVD) is responsible for 3.9 million deaths (45% of deaths), being ischaemic heart disease, stroke, hypertension (leading to heart failure) the major cause of these CVD related deaths. Periodontitis is also a chronic non‐communicable disease (NCD) with a high prevalence, being severe periodontitis, affecting 11.2% of the world's population, the sixth most common human disease. Material and Methods: There is now a significant body of evidence to support independent associations between severe periodontitis and several NCDs, in particular CVD. In 2012 a joint workshop was held between the European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) and the American Academy of Periodontology to review the literature relating periodontitis and systemic diseases, including CVD. In the last five years important new scientific information has emerged providing important emerging evidence to support these associations Results and Conclusions: The present review reports the proceedings of the workshop jointly organised by the EFP and the World Heart Federation (WHF), which has updated the existing epidemiological evidence for significant associations between periodontitis and CVD, the mechanistic links and the impact of periodontal therapy on cardiovascular and surrogate outcomes. This review has also focused on the potential risk and complications of periodontal therapy in patients on anti thrombotic therapy and has made recommendations for dentists, physicians and for patients visiting both the dental and medical practices.
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Patients with severe periodontitis have higher blood neutrophil counts and pro-inflammatory mediator levels (IL-1, IL-6, CRP, fibrinogen) compared to healthy controls.
“Patients with severe periodontitis had higher blood neutrophil counts and pro-inflammatory mediator levels (such as IL-1, IL-6, CRP, and fibrinogen) compared to healthy controls [14–17]”
From Effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on risk markers of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [16]
The Mechanisms sections report higher CRP and fibrinogen versus healthy controls, elevated serum IL-6, and excess IL-1β release by stimulated neutrophils in periodontitis patients. They describe neutrophil hyper-responsiveness, not higher blood neutrophil counts, and do not establish these findings specifically for severe periodontitis. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Fentoğlu, Ö., Kırzıoğlu, F. Y., Özdem, M., Koçak, H., Sütçü, R., & Sert, T. (2011) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01880.x · Cited by 81 · see citing works
All‐cause mortality and periodontitis in 60–70‐year‐old men: a prospective cohort study
Linden, G. J., Linden, K., Yarnell, J., et al. (2012) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-051x.2012.01923.x · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Caúla, A. L., Lira‐Junior, R., Tinoco, E. M. B., & Fischer, R. G. (2014) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.12290 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Chen, D., Lin, C., Chen, Y., & Chen, H. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165601 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Graziani, F., Cei, S., Orlandi, M., Gennai, S., Gabriele, M., Filice, N., Nisi, M., & D’Aiuto, F. (2015) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.12451 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationRangé, H., Labreuche, J., Louedec, L., Rondeau, P., Planesse, C., Sebbag, U., Bourdon, E., Michel, J., Bouchard, P., & Meilhac, O. (2014) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.07.034 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationAtorvastatin stimulates the production of osteoprotegerin by human osteoblasts
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Poor Response to Periodontal Treatment May Predict Future Cardiovascular Disease
Holmlund, A., Lampa, E., & Lind, L. (2017) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/0022034517701901 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Ahn, Y., Shin, M., Han, D.-H., Sukhbaatar, M., Kim, M., Shin, H., & Kim, H. (2016) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.07.898 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Periodontal Status and Hyperlipidemia: Statin Users Versus Non‐Users
Sangwan, A. D., Tewari, S., Singh, H., Sharma, R. K., & Narula, S. C. (2012) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1902/jop.2012.110756 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Schäefer, A. S., Richter, G. M., Dommisch, H., Reinartz, M., Nothnagel, M., Noack, B., Laine, M. L., Folwaczny, M., Groessner‐Schreiber, B., Loos, B. G., et al. (2010) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmg.2010.078998 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationInfluence of periodontal therapy on C-reactive protein level: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Freitas, C. O. T. D., Gomes-Filho, I. S., Naves, R. C., Nogueira Filho, G. D. R., Cruz, S. S. D., Santos, C. A. D. S. T., Dunningham, L., Miranda, L. F. D., & Barbosa, M. D. D. S. (2012) · Journal of Applied Oral Science · doi:10.1590/s1678-77572012000100002 · Cited by 69 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…(2016); Kapellas et al. (2014); Zhou et al. (2017) Yes Moderate Effect of Periodontal Therapy on C‐Reactive Protein (CRP) CRP 5 SR Demmer et al. (2013); Freitas et al. (2012); Ioannidou, Malekzadeh, and Dongari‐Bagtzoglou (2006); Paraskevas, Huizinga, and Loos (2008); Teeuw et al. (2014) Yes…”
Miclotte, I., Vanhaverbeke, M., Agbaje, J. O., Legrand, P., Vanassche, T., Verhamme, P. B., & Politis, C. (2016) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-016-2010-1 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Chandy, S. (2017) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2017/23100.9552 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Montenegro, M. M., Ribeiro, I. W. J., Kampits, C., Saffi, M. A. L., Furtado, M. V., Polanczyk, C. A., Haas, A. N., & Rõsing, C. K. (2019) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.13085 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Yang, S., Li, Z., Cai, C., Shi, Q., Wen, N., & Xu, J. (2018) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-018-0879-0 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Velsko, I. M., Chukkapalli, S. S., Rivera‐Kweh, M. F., Zheng, D., Aukhil, I., Lucas, A., Larjava, H., & Kesavalu, L. N. (2015) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.01077-15 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Bertl, K., Parllaku, A., Pandis, N., Buhlin, K., Klinge, B., & Stavropoulos, A. (2017) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2017.08.011 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Effect of Periodontal Therapy on Arterial Structure and Function Among Aboriginal Australians
Kapellas, K., Maple-Brown, L. J., Jamieson, L., Do, L., O’Dea, K., Brown, A. D. H., Cai, T. Y., Anstey, N. M., SULLIVAN, D. R., Wang, H., et al. (2014) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03359 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Dual effect of statin medication on the periodontium
Saxlin, T., Suominen‐Taipale, L., Knuuttila, M. L. E., Alha, P., & Ylöstalo, P. (2009) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-051x.2009.01484.x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Neutrophil superoxide release and plasma C‐reactive protein levels pre‐ and post‐periodontal therapy
Ling, M. R., Chapple, I., & Matthews, J. B. (2016) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.12575 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationPleiotropic effects of statins on the treatment of chronic periodontitis – a systematic review
Estanislau, I. M. G., Terceiro, I. R. C., Lisboa, M. R. P., Teles, P. D. B., Carvalho, R. D. S., Martins, R. S., & Moreira, M. M. S. M. (2014) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.12564 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Yagyuu, T., Kawakami, M., Ueyama, Y., Imada, M., Kurihara, M., Matsusue, Y., Imai, Y., Yamamoto, K., & Kirita, T. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-015952 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Li, C., Lv, Z., Shi, Z., Zhu, Y., Wu, Y., Li, L., & Iheozor‐Ejiofor, Z. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009197.pub3 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Ernst, F. D., Uhr, K., Teumer, A., Fanghänel, J., Schulz, S., Noack, B., Gonzales, J. R., Reichert, S., Eickholz, P., Holtfreter, B., et al. (2010) · BMC Medical Genetics · doi:10.1186/1471-2350-11-119 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Systematic review of the in vitro effects of statins on oral and perioral microorganisms
Ting, M., Whitaker, E. J., & Albandar, J. M. (2015) · European Journal Of Oral Sciences · doi:10.1111/eos.12239 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Managing direct oral anticoagulants in patients undergoing dentoalveolar surgery
Patel, J. P., Woolcombe, S., Patel, R. K., et al. (2017) · BDJ · doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2017.165 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Teeuw, W. J., Laine, M. L., Bizzarro, S., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137335 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Should oral anticoagulant therapy be continued during dental extraction? A meta-analysis
Yang, S., Shi, Q., Liu, J., Li, J., & Xu, J. (2016) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-016-0278-9 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Muniz, F. W. M. G., Taminski, K., Cavagni, J., et al. (2018) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-018-2354-9 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Bertl, K., Steiner, I. M., Pandis, N., Buhlin, K., Klinge, B., & Stavropoulos, A. (2017) · Journal of Periodontal Research · doi:10.1111/jre.12514 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Hada, D. S., Garg, S., Ramteke, G. B., & Ratre, M. S. (2015) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1902/jop.2015.150249 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Saffi, M. A. L., Rabelo, E. R., Polanczyk, C. A., Furtado, M. V., Montenegro, M. M., Ribeiro, I. W. J., Kampits, C., Rõsing, C. K., & Haas, A. N. (2018) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1111/odi.12909 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Liu, S., Bertl, K., Sun, H., et al. (2012) · Human Cell · doi:10.1007/s13577-011-0028-x · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Munz, M., Richter, G. M., Loos, B. G., Jepsen, S. V., Divaris, K., Offenbacher, S., Teumer, A., Holtfreter, B., Kocher, T., Bruckmann, C., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31980-8 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationBélanger, M., Kozarov, E. V., Song, H., Whitlock, J. A., & Progulske‐Fox, A. (2011) · Anaerobe · doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.10.005 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Periodontal Disease and Recurrent Vascular Events in Stroke/Transient Ischemic Attack Patients
Sen, S., Sumner, R., Hardin, J. W., Barros, S. P., MOSS, K. L., Beck, J. D., & Offenbacher, S. (2013) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.06.024 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Shi, Q., Xu, J., Zhang, T., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00058 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Doğanay, Ö., Atalay, B., Karadag, E., Aga, U., & Tuğrul, M. (2018) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2017.09.052 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Lababidi, E., Breik, O., Savage, J., Engelbrecht, H., Kumar, K., & Crossley, C. W. (2018) · International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2018.03.009 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
de Boer, S. P. M., Cheng, J. M., Rangé, H., et al. (2014) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.08.050 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Koppolu, P., Durvasula, S., Palaparthy, R., Rao, M., Sagar, V., Reddy, S. K., & Swapna, L. A. (2013) · Pan African Medical Journal · doi:10.11604/pamj.2013.15.92.2326 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Balejo, R. D. P., Cortelli, J. R., Costa, F. O., Cyrino, R. M., Aquino, D. R., Cogo, K., de Miranda, T. B., Moura, S. P., & Cortelli, S. C. (2017) · Journal of Applied Oral Science · doi:10.1590/1678-7757-2017-0112 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Tooth Loss, Periodontitis, and Statins in a Population‐Based Follow‐Up Study
Meisel, P., Kroemer, H. K., Nauck, M. A., et al. (2013) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1902/jop.2013.130456 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Chu, D., Lee, Y.-L., Hu, H.-Y., & Chou, P. (2015) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s67854 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Hubberten, M., Bochenek, G., Chen, H., Häsler, R., Wiehe, R., Rosenstiel, P. C., Jepsen, S. V., Dommisch, H., & Schäefer, A. S. (2018) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41431-018-0210-7 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationCouper, D. J., Beck, J. D., Falkner, K. L., Graham, S., Grossi, S. G., Gunsolley, J. C., Madden, T., Maupomé, G., Offenbacher, S., Stewart, D., et al. (2007) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1902/jop.2008.070216 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Are statins associated with decreased tooth loss in chronic periodontitis?
Saver, B. G., Hujoel, P. P., Cunha‐Cruz, J., et al. (2007) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-051x.2006.01046.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Kaushal, S., Singh, A., Lal, N., Das, S. K., & Mahdi, A. A. (2019) · Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research · doi:10.1016/j.jobcr.2019.02.002 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Porphyromonas gingivalis Infection Reduces Regulatory T Cells in Infected Atherosclerosis Patients
Yang, J., Wu, J., Liu, Y., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086599 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Kwak, E.-J., Nam, S., Park, K.-M., et al. (2018) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-018-2458-2 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Lü, B., Parker, D. R., & Eaton, C. B. (2008) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.12.037 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Deepti, Tewari, S., Narula, S. C., Singhal, S. R., & Sharma, R. K. (2017) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1902/jop.2017.170121 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Sangwan, A. D., Tewari, S., Singh, H., Sharma, R. K., & Narula, S. C. (2016) · European Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.4103/1305-7456.175685 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Reichert, S., Schulz, S., Benten, A., Lutze, A., Seifert, T., Schlitt, M., Werdan, K., Hofmann, B., Wienke, A., Schaller, H., et al. (2016) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.12611 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Patil, V. A., & Desai, M. H. (2013) · The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1305 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Reduced platelet hyper-reactivity and platelet-leukocyte aggregation after periodontal therapy
Arvanitidis, E., Bizzarro, S., Rodriguez, E. A., Loos, B. G., & Nicu, E. A. (2017) · Thrombosis Journal · doi:10.1186/s12959-016-0125-x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationMahendra, J., Mahendra, L., Felix, J., & Romanos, G. E. (2013) · Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology · doi:10.4103/0972-124x.124476 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Poston, C., Pierce, T., Li, Y., et al. (2016) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1111/odi.12474 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Exodontia in dual antiplatelet therapy: the evidence
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2012 European Guidelines on CVD Prevention in Clinical Practice
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Invasive Dental Treatment and Risk for a First Myocardial Infarction
Nordendahl, E., Kjellström, B., Fored, C. M., Ekbom, A., Svensson, T., Norhammar, A., & Gustafsson, A. K. (2018) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/0022034518767834 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Biedermann, J. S., Rademacher, W. M. H., Hazendonk, H. C. A. M., van Diermen, D. E., Leebeek, F. W. G., Rozema, F. R., & Kruip, M. J. H. A. (2017) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1160/th17-01-0040 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Ischemic Stroke after Dental Treatments
Chen, T. T., D’Aiuto, F., Yeh, Y. C., Lai, M., Chien, K., & Tu, Y. (2018) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/0022034518805745 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationThe ESC Textbook of Preventive Cardiology
(2015) · Revista Española de Cardiología · doi:10.1016/j.recesp.2015.06.002 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Boillot, A., Rangé, H., Danchin, N., et al. (2016) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2015-207043 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Treatment of stage I–III periodontitis—The EFP S3 level clinical practice guideline
Sanz, M., Herrera, D., Kebschull, M., Chapple, I., Jepsen, S., Berglundh, T., Sculean, A., Tonetti, M. S., & Consultants, E. W. P. A. M. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.13290 · Cited by 1,934 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation between periodontitis and severity of COVID‐19 infection: A case–control study
Marouf, N., Cai, W., Said, K. N., Daas, H., Diab, H., Chinta, V. R., Hssain, A. A., Nicolau, B., Sanz, M., & Tamimi, F. (2021) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.13435 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Serum C-Reactive Protein and Periodontitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Machado, V., Botelho, J., Escalda, C., Hussain, S. B., Luthra, S., Mascarenhas, P., Orlandi, M., Mendes, J. J., & D’Aiuto, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.706432 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of the host—Neutrophil biology
Chapple, I. L. C., Hirschfeld, J., Kantarci, A., Wilensky, A., & Shapira, L. (2023) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/prd.12490 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationActive gingival inflammation is linked to hypertension
Pietropaoli, D., Monaco, A., D’Aiuto, F., Muñoz Aguilera, E., Ortu, E., Giannoni, M., Czesnikiewicz-Guzik, M., Guzik, T. J., Ferri, C., & Del Pinto, R. (2020) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000002514 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationMeng, R., Xu, J., Fan, C., Liao, H., Wu, Z., & Zeng, Q. (2024) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-024-04433-0 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Dumitru, C. N., Dumitru, A. O., Popa, G. V., Marcu, T., Ursu, M., Nechita, A., & Matei, N. M. (2026) · Dentistry Journal · doi:10.3390/dj14050289 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Although most episodes of bacteremia are rapidly cleared by the reticuloendothelial system, repeated and chronic exposure to oral pathogens and their products maintains a persistent state of low-grade systemic inflammation [4,5].”
Influential
- Authors
- Sanz, M., Marco del Castillo, A., Jepsen, S., Gonzalez‐Juanatey, J. R., D’Aiuto, F., Bouchard, P., Chapple, I., Dietrich, T., Gotsman, I., Graziani, F., Herrera, D., Loos, B., Madianos, P., Michel, J., Perel, P., Pieske, B., Shapira, L., Shechter, M., Tonetti, M., Vlachopoulos, C., & Wimmer, G.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid (ES)
- Cardiology Department Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal Madrid Spain
- University of Bonn (DE)
- Cardiology Department University Hospital IDIS CIBERCV Univerity of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Eastman Dental Hospital (GB)
- Hôpital Rothschild (FR)
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- Hadassah Medical Center (IL)
- University of Pisa (IT)
- Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (NL)
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- Inserm (FR)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DE)
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Prince Philip Dental Hospital (CN)
- University of Graz (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Sanz, Mariano
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Periodontology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-02-03
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 268-288
- ISSN
- 0303-6979 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-051X
- PMC
- PMC7027895
- OpenAlex
- W2995886183
- Cited by
- 1,482
- References
- 152
- Citations by year
- 2026: 231 · 2025: 262 · 2024: 312 · 2023: 243 · 2022: 200 · 2021: 175 · 2020: 59
- FWCI
- 173.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal Of Clinical Periodontology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- DENTAID Oral Health Experts
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Dental Research and COVID-19
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Periodontal Regeneration and Treatments
- Keywords
- periodontitis, cardiovascular disease, severe periodontitis, ischemic heart disease, stroke, hypertension, periodontal treatment, antiplatelet therapy, systemic disease, cardiovascular risk
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Europe, Humans, Periodontal Diseases, Periodontics, Periodontitis, Consensus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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